{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T11:03:14Z","timestamp":1786618994473,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFB3204300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFB3204300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2506200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2506200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC2506203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2506203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Acoustic Intelligent Sensing and Advanced Measurement","award":["2025ZY01095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025ZY01095"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Depression and anxiety disorders impact millions globally. In recent years, low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), characterized by its high precision, deep penetration, and non-invasive nature, has garnered significant interest in neuroscience and clinical practice. To enhance understanding of its effects on mood, therapeutic availability in treatment of depression\/anxiety disorders, and potential mechanisms, a systematic review of studies investigating the emotional impact of LIFU on depressive\/anxious-like animal models, healthy volunteers, and patients with depression or anxiety disorders has been undertaken. Methods: Relevant papers published before 15 July 2025 were searched across four databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, and Embase. A total of 28 papers which met the inclusion and exclusion criteria are included in this review. Results: Our findings indicate that LIFU reversed the depressive\/anxious-like behaviors in the animal models and showed antidepressant\/anti-anxiety effects among the state-of-art clinical studies. For example, immobility time in FST or TST is reduced in depressive animal models, and HRSD\/BAI scales are improved in human studies. Key molecules such as BDNF\/5-HT are found restored in animal models, and FC between key brain areas related to depression\/anxiety is modulated after LIFU treatment. Notably, no brain tissue damage was observed in animal studies, and only mild adverse effects (such as dizziness and vomiting) were noted in a few human studies. Conclusions: The studies using LIFU to treat depression and anxiety remain in the preliminary stage. The mechanisms underlying LIFU\u2019s mood effects\u2014such as activation or inhibition of specific brain regions or neural circuits, anti-inflammatory effects, alterations in functional connectivity, synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter levels, and BDNF\u2014remain incompletely understood and warrant further investigation. Nevertheless, the LIFU technique holds promise for regulating both cortical and subcortical brain areas implicated in depression\/anxiety disorders as a precise neuromodulation tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15101129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:17:35Z","timestamp":1761056255000},"page":"1129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Using Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound to Treat Depression and Anxiety Disorders: A Review of Current Evidence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3119-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ao","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manli","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Psychiatry, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7375-3503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hetong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huilong","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0570-670X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaohua","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Precision Psychiatry, Hangzhou 310003, China"},{"name":"Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3702-4199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinfei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2025, October 01). 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