{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T22:55:46Z","timestamp":1792623346639,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]],"date-time":"2025-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is common in Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and often precedes dementia. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) targeting dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) may offer additional benefits for cognitive and motor functions in PD-MCI patients. Methods: Using a randomized, double-blind, cross-over study, participants with PD-MCI completed two stimulation sessions (real vs. sham) 7 days apart. Cognitive and motor outcomes (MoCA, FAB, FAS, MDS-UPDRS motor) were assessed pre- and post-stimulation; stimulation was administered \u201conline\u201d during executive training. Scores before and after the sessions have been compared, as well as their variations between the two groups. Results: Ten subjects were in the study. Patients undergoing real tRNS showed improvements in global cognition and executive functioning compared to those undergoing sham stimulation, as demonstrated by significant increase in MoCA and FAB scores. In contrast, the motor examination showed no significant differences. Conclusions: This preliminary study showed that a single session of DLPFC-tRNS stimulation produced domain-specific cognitive benefits in PD-MCI patients. Studies with multiple stimulation sessions and larger samples are needed to confirm the effect of this non-pharmacological therapeutic option in PD-MCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15111232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T10:24:58Z","timestamp":1763375098000},"page":"1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Davide","family":"Mazzara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0585-8351","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelo","family":"Torrente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3627-8974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Alonge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2755-7207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Baschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7899-4308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Campione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Economics and Law, University of Enna Kore, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Oncology, A.R.N.A.S. Civico Di Cristina Benfratelli Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9805-1655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Di Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"La Bianca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5875-3126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Brighina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2829-523X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Monastero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171172","article-title":"Frequency and Correlates of Subjective Memory Complaints in Parkinson\u2019s Disease with and without Mild Cognitive Impairment: Data from the Parkinson\u2019s Disease Cognitive Impairment Study","volume":"63","author":"Baschi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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