{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T16:31:57Z","timestamp":1793205117036,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department","award":["QN2024061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QN2024061"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["F2019203515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2019203515"]}]},{"name":"Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province","award":["F2022203005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F2022203005"]}]},{"name":"S&T Program of Hebei","award":["236Z2004G"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["236Z2004G"]}]},{"name":"Medical-Industrial Crossover Special Incubation Project of Yanshan University and The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao","award":["UY202201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UY202201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) represents a transitional stage between normal aging and dementia, constituting a critical intervention window for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). As a non-invasive intervention, neurofeedback training (NFT) has demonstrated potential in ameliorating cognitive deficits and clinical symptoms in aMCI patients; however, its mechanistic effects on functional brain connectivity remain inadequately elucidated. Methods: This study employed low- and high-order functional analytical approaches to comprehensively investigate the effects of NFT on dynamic brain functional networks in aMCI. Results: Our findings revealed that following NFT, aMCI patients exhibited enhanced connectivity strength, global efficiency, and nodal characteristics within the delta band, whereas connectivity was generally attenuated in the theta, alpha, and beta bands. Dynamic network analysis indicated increased entropy in short-time windows. Cognitive assessments showed a significant short-term improvement in MoCA scores among 92.9% of participants. Conclusions: These results suggest that NFT effectively remodels brain network activity patterns in aMCI patients, thereby facilitating cognitive improvement. These findings provide preliminary insights into the brain network mechanisms underlying NFT-mediated cognitive enhancement in aMCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15111243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T09:44:53Z","timestamp":1763631893000},"page":"1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neurofeedback Training Modulates Brain Functional Networks and Improves Cognition in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients Aged 60\u201370 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical Imaging, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China"},{"name":"Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging Science, Shijiazhuang 050017, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement Technology and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement Technology and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Measurement Technology and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Hebei Province, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2024.02.013","article-title":"Machine learning based on functional and structural connectivity in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Magn. 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