{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T11:33:33Z","timestamp":1763724813375,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that leads to the progressive loss of motor and sensory functions. Cognitive dysfunction is a common symptom that significantly affects quality of life and daily activities. The MS diagnosis involves progressive disability due to its neurodegenerative nature. Objective: to analyze the relationship between the Latin Norm Neuropsychological Assessment and Disability in Multiple Sclerosis (NLNAMS) battery and physical disability in patients with MS. Methods: A retrospective review of 100 medical records was conducted. Three sections of clinical information were analyzed: (1) sociodemographic data and medical history, (2) neurological examination including disability measures using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and the Multiple Sclerosis Severity Score (MSS), and (3) neuropsychological assessment results obtained through the NLNAMS battery to evaluate cognitive functioning across multiple domains. Results: High correlations were observed between EDSS scores and performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test\u2013Revised (HVLT-R), which assess attention, processing speed and memory. Strong correlations were also found between EDSS and performance on verbal fluency tests, Trail Making Test (TMT), Rey\u2013Osterrieth Complex Figure copy (ROCF), and the Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (M-WCST). No significant correlation with MSS was found. Conclusions: The neuropsychological evaluation conducted with the NLNAMS battery showed a relationship between physical disability in multiple sclerosis and the domains of attention, processing speed, and memory. Therefore, this battery may provide valuable information for disease monitoring and prognosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15121251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T11:04:31Z","timestamp":1763723071000},"page":"1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Norma Latina Neuropsychological Evaluation in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis and Its Relationship with Disability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-8976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Aguayo-Arelis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1668-6943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brenda Viridiana","family":"Rabago-Barajas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina Mariela","family":"C\u00e1rdenas G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Psychology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6239-1047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas Emmanuel","family":"Arana Yepez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Behavior Laboratory, Neuroscience Institute, University Center of Biological and Agricultural Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2272-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Miriam","family":"Salda\u00f1a-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Fragoso-Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Master\u2019s Program in Educational Psychology, Department of Applied Psychology, University Center for Health Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 45100, Jalisco, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000097","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: A review of neuropsychological assessments","volume":"29","author":"Korakas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogn. 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