{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T06:25:46Z","timestamp":1788675946097,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003600","name":"Smart HealthCare Program through the Korea Institutes of Police Technology (KIPoT) funded by the Korean National Police Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2022-PT000188"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2022-PT000188"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003600","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Childhood trauma is a well-established risk factor for adult psychopathology, yet the underlying neuropsychiatric mechanisms remain unclear. Therefore, this study examined whether resilience mediates the relationship between childhood trauma and depressive and anxiety symptoms, and whether this pathway is moderated by harm avoidance (HA). Methods: A total of 218 Korean adults (aged 19\u201350 years; 79 men and 139 women) completed validated measures of childhood trauma (Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)-Short Form), harm avoidance (Temperament and Character Inventory\u2013Harm Avoidance subscale), resilience (Brief Resilience Scale), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). Mediation and moderated mediation models were tested using structural equation modeling, and indirect effects were estimated via bootstrapping with 5000 resamples. Results: Childhood trauma was associated with lower resilience, an effect moderated by HA. Resilience was strongly inversely associated with depression and anxiety. Indirect effects of trauma through resilience were significant for both outcomes, with stronger effects at higher HA. Conclusions: The associations between childhood trauma and both depression and anxiety were mediated by resilience, and this indirect pathway was amplified by HA. These findings suggest a neuropsychiatric mechanism whereby early-life stress and temperament jointly shape effective neural vulnerability, leading to depression- and anxiety-associated outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15121308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T13:53:30Z","timestamp":1764856410000},"page":"1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Resilience as a Mediator Between Childhood Trauma and Adult Psychopathology: The Moderating Role of Harm Avoidance in Korean Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eun Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1884-4231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Young Chul","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Workplace Mental Health Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5171-2962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang-Seob","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Won","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Workplace Mental Health Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Won","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhyung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Workplace Mental Health Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(17)30118-4","article-title":"The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380231179133","article-title":"Global prevalence of childhood exposure to physical violence within domestic and family relationships in the general population: A systematic review and proportional meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Whitten","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abus."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.20220174","article-title":"Childhood maltreatment and mental health problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quasi-experimental studies","volume":"180","author":"Baldwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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