{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:46:40Z","timestamp":1779162400958,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82301423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82301423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: With the development of advanced neuroimaging techniques, including resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging, Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) has increasingly been recognized as a complex brain network disorder. In this review, we summarized research on brain networks in PD to elucidate the network abnormalities underlying its four major motor symptoms and to identify the networks modulated by deep brain stimulation (DBS). Materials and Methods: We searched PubMed and Web of Science for the most recent literature on brain network alterations in PD. Eligible studies included those investigating the general PD network (n = 10), symptom-specific networks\u2014tremor-dominant (n = 13), postural instability and gait disorder (n = 9), freezing of gait (n = 9), akinetic-rigidity (n = 3)\u2014as well as DBS-modulated networks (n = 14). Based on these studies, we integrated the findings and used BrainNet Viewer to generate schematic network visualizations. Results: The symptom-specific networks exhibited common abnormalities within the sensorimotor network. Evidence from DBS studies suggested that therapeutic effects were associated with modulation of the motor cortex through both functional and structural connectivity. Moreover, the four motor symptoms each demonstrated distinct network features. Specifically, the tremor network was characterized by widespread alterations in the cortico-thalamic-cerebellar circuitry; the postural instability and gait disorder network showed more severe disruptions within the striatum and visual cortex; the freezing of gait network exhibited disruptions in midbrain regions, notably the pedunculopontine nucleus; and the akinetic-rigidity network involved changes in cognition-related networks, particularly the default mode network. Conclusions: PD motor symptoms exhibit both distinct network features and shared alterations within the sensorimotor network. DBS modulates large-scale brain networks, especially motor-related networks, contributing to the alleviation of motor symptoms. Characterizing symptom-specific networks may support precision DBS target selection and parameter optimization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T10:57:18Z","timestamp":1766487438000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Symptom-Specific Networks and the DBS-Modulated Network in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Connectivity-Based Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ransheng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kailiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7569-5252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoguang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303455","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease subtypes: Lost in translation?","volume":"84","author":"Marras","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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