{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T05:26:19Z","timestamp":1767245179250,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["224430\/Z\/21\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["224430\/Z\/21\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000746","name":"Harold Hyam Wingate Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000746","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010052","name":"Northumbria University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023262","name":"Jon Moulton Charity Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023262","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit at the University of Oxford","award":["MC_UU_00003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00003"]}]},{"name":"National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre"},{"name":"NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre","award":["NIHR203316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR203316"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203139\/A\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203139\/A\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["203139\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The ability to maintain movement quality despite muscle fatigue is essential for daily activities and preserving independence after motor impairments. Many real-life situations involve asymmetrical muscle activation, leading to unilateral muscle fatigue. Repeated unilateral handgrip contractions at submaximal force have been linked to neural changes in both contralateral and ipsilateral motor areas, as well as improved contralateral response times in a button-press task. However, it remains unclear whether these improvements in response latency extend to higher-level benefits in overall arm movement quality. Methods: Thirty healthy participants performed unilateral handgrip fatiguing tasks at 5%, 50%, and 75% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force. Subsequently, bilateral upper-limb movement quality was assessed in an object-hit task using a Kinarm robot. Results: The 50% and 75% MVC protocols elicited muscle fatigue as evidenced by declines in force output, post-exercise MVC, electromyography magnitude changes, and increased perceived exertion compared to the 5% MVC control condition. However, no significant changes in kinematic measures of the object-hit task were observed for either the fatigued (ipsilateral) or non-fatigued (contralateral) arm, indicating that unilateral handgrip fatigue did not affect higher-level movement quality. Conclusions: Previously reported improvements on contralateral response latency in a button-press task were not found to translate into advanced arm movement quality benefits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16010047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:08:00Z","timestamp":1767197280000},"page":"47","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Varying Intensities of Unilateral Handgrip Fatigue on Bilateral Movement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-0394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian L.","family":"Knorz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin W.","family":"Andrushko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Sporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5542-5036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte J.","family":"Stagg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0705-9297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catharina","family":"Zich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK"},{"name":"Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.139477","article-title":"Muscle fatigue: What, why and how it influences muscle function","volume":"586","author":"Enoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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