{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T12:54:06Z","timestamp":1782996846737,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Institutional Excellence Programme of the Ministry of Human Capacities in Hungary","award":["TKP 2021 EGA-25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP 2021 EGA-25"]}]},{"name":"\u201cCompetitiveness and Excellence Cooperations\u201d project","award":["2018-1.3.1-VKE-2018-00030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-1.3.1-VKE-2018-00030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Treatment of neuropathic pain (NP) remains a challenge in clinical practice because the current treatment approaches produce satisfactory pain alleviation in only 30% of patients. This necessitates developing novel drugs or repurposing existing medications intended to manage other diseases. When the repurposing intendance is chosen, similarity in the pharmacological properties should be hosted by the candidate drugs. Herein, this review sheds light on the mechanisms of certain centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxants (CMRs), specifically tolperisone. So far, data indicate that tolperisone displays voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) blocking properties with modulatory effect on voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs). These properties have led to recent preclinical research initiatives testing tolperisone in NP, resulting in positive outcomes. Furthermore, the review highlights the currently available VGSC blockers and proposes a strategy based on combining them with VGCC blockers that have been proven for the treatment of NP. This proposal is supported by the fact that tolperisone, in combination with pregabalin, has recently been shown to acutely halt NP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16010067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:34:23Z","timestamp":1767198863000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Sharing Molecular Targets with Drugs for Neuropathic Pain Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Judit M\u00e1ria","family":"Kirchlechner-Farkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Arpad","family":"Karadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u00f6i \u00fat 78b, H-1082 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Imre","family":"Boldizs\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3440-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nariman","family":"Essmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Galambos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n Patrik","family":"Lincmajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5305-8730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah Kadhim","family":"Abbood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9l","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9va","family":"Sz\u00f6k\u0151","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5343-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"T\u00e1bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacodynamics, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8488-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Al-Khrasani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dclloi \u00fat 26., H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"427","article-title":"Considerations for the Appropriate Use of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain","volume":"39","author":"Witenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S461032","article-title":"Tizanidine: Advances in Pharmacology & Therapeutics and Drug Formulations","volume":"17","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2434835","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.34835","article-title":"Long-Term Use of Muscle Relaxant Medications for Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Oldfield","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12754","article-title":"The Effect of Chlorzoxazone on Acute Pain after Spine Surgery. A Randomized, Blinded Trial","volume":"60","author":"Nielsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"125","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine and Naproxen versus Naproxen Alone in the Treatment of Acute Low Back Pain and Muscle Spasm","volume":"12","author":"Borenstein","year":"1990","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(03)00075-7","article-title":"Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Thiocolchicoside in Acute Low Back Pain","volume":"70","author":"Kirazli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2011.03.019","article-title":"An Updated Overview of Clinical Guidelines for Chronic Low Back Pain Management in Primary Care","volume":"79","author":"Pillastrini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4184\/asj.2012.6.2.115","article-title":"Clinical Comparative Study: Efficacy and Tolerability of Tolperisone and Thiocolchicoside in Acute Low Back Pain and Spinal Muscle Spasticity","volume":"6","author":"Rao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Spine J."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"331","article-title":"Efficacy of Thiocolchicoside in Indian Patients Suffering from Low Back Pain Associated with Muscle Spasm","volume":"106","author":"Soonawalla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Indian Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2004.05.003","article-title":"A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Chiropractic Adjustments to Muscle Relaxants for Subacute Low Back Pain","volume":"27","author":"Hoiriis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Manip. Physiol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1527-3458.2008.00044.x","article-title":"Tolperisone: A Typical Representative of a Class of Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants with Less Sedative Side Effects","volume":"14","author":"Quasthoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200404150-00014","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Relaxant Use in the United States: Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III)","volume":"29","author":"Dillon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2017.70","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain and Spasticity: Intricate Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"55","author":"Finnerup","year":"2017","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03000605211022294","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211022294","article-title":"Reduction in Post-Spinal Cord Injury Spasticity by Combination of Peripheral Nerve Grafting and Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor Infusion in Monkeys","volume":"49","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.46292\/sci2603-157","article-title":"A Primary Care Provider\u2019s Guide to Spasticity Management in Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"26","author":"Cabahug","year":"2020","journal-title":"Top. Spinal Cord Inj. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01006.x","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Tolperisone in Spasticity Following Cerebral Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Stamenova","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979315","article-title":"Evaluation of Sedative Effects of Single and Repeated Doses of 50 Mg and 150 Mg Tolperisone Hydrochloride. Results of a Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"31","author":"Dulin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(96)03187-9","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerance of Repeated Oral Doses of Tolperisone Hydrochloride in the Treatment of Painful Reflex Muscle Spasm: Results of a Prospective Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Trial","volume":"67","author":"Pratzel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.90a.22052","article-title":"Guidelines for the Management of Trigeminal Neuralgia","volume":"90","author":"Chong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clevel. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., and Ge, S. (2023). The Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin vs. Carbamazepine in Patients with Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Neurol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1045640"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.05.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"22","author":"Nickel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S125987","article-title":"An Integrated Perspective on Diabetic, Alcoholic, and Drug-Induced Neuropathy, Etiology, and Treatment in the US","volume":"10","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-015-0381-2","article-title":"Treatment of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"17","author":"Mendlik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.07.008","article-title":"Glycine Transporter Inhibitors: A New Avenue for Managing Neuropathic Pain","volume":"152","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70251-0","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for Neuropathic Pain in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Finnerup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-34","article-title":"Natural History and Outcome of 200 Outpatients with Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia Treated with Carbamazepine or Oxcarbazepine in a Tertiary Centre for Neuropathic Pain","volume":"15","author":"Truini","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zavvarian, M.M., Hong, J., and Fehlings, M.G. (2020). The Functional Role of Spinal Interneurons Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00127"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06049-7","article-title":"Opposite, Bidirectional Shifts in Excitation and Inhibition in Specific Types of Dorsal Horn Interneurons Are Associated with Spasticity and Pain Post-SCI","volume":"7","author":"Kopach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01307-0","article-title":"Neuropathic Pain: Aetiology, Symptoms, Mechanisms, and Management","volume":"353","author":"Woolf","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118346","article-title":"Do Vitamins Halt the COVID-19-Evoked pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Involved in the Development of Neuropathic Pain?","volume":"189","author":"Essmat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waldman, H.J., Waldman, S.D., and Kidder, K.A. (2011). Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants and Associated Drugs, Pain Management.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0721-2.00125-2"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(75)90091-X","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine: A Novel Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxant","volume":"14","author":"Share","year":"1975","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-4679(95)02019-5","article-title":"Five-Year Multicenter Retrospective Review of Cyclobenzaprine Toxicity","volume":"13","author":"Spiller","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.13.1613","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine and Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"161","author":"Browning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.01.014","article-title":"Incidence of Tricyclic Antidepressant-like Complications after Cyclobenzaprine Overdose","volume":"29","author":"Bebarta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(96)00402-5","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine, a Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxant, Acts on Descending Serotonergic Systems","volume":"311","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"793","article-title":"The Pharmacology of 5-Chloro-4-(2-Imidazolin-2-Yl-Amino)-2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole (DS 103-282), a Novel Myotonolytic Agent","volume":"30","author":"Sayers","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(80)90020-7","article-title":"The Spasmolytic Properties of 5-Chloro-4-(2-Imidazolin-2-Yl-Amino)-2, 1, 3-Benzothiadiazole Hydrochloride (DS 103-282): A Pilot Study","volume":"82","author":"Sie","year":"1980","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(86)90035-X","article-title":"Comparison of \u03b1-Adrenoceptor Involvement in the Antinociceptive Action of Tizanidine and Clonidine in the Mouse","volume":"125","author":"Kameyama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"322","article-title":"Hemodynamic and Analgesic Effects of Clonidine Added Repetitively to Continuous Epidural and Spinal Blocks","volume":"80","author":"Klimscha","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-199753030-00007","article-title":"Tizanidine: A Review of Its Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy and Tolerability in the Management of Spasticity Associated with Cerebral and Spinal Disorders","volume":"53","author":"Wagstaff","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb1978.7.171","article-title":"Mechanisms of Depressant Action of Muscle Relaxants on Spinal Reflexes: Participation of Membrane Stabilizing Action","volume":"7","author":"Ono","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Pharmacobio-Dyn."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90791-7","article-title":"Suppression of Calcium Current in a Snail Neurone by Eperisone and Its Analogues","volume":"168","author":"Sun","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"77","article-title":"Symptomatic Treatment of Neurolathyrism with Tolperisone HCL (Mydocalm): A Randomized Double Blind and Placebo Controlled Drug Trial","volume":"35","author":"Melka","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ethiop. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"413","article-title":"Tolperisone-A Novel Modulator of Ionic Currents in Myelinated Axons","volume":"20","author":"Hinck","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2021-0041","article-title":"RESUME-1: A Phase III Study of Tolperisone in the Treatment of Painful, Acute Muscle Spasms of the Back","volume":"12","author":"Vaughan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.5414\/CPP45110","article-title":"Considerable Interindividual Variation in the Pharmacokinetics of Tolperisone HC","volume":"45","author":"Bae","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"71","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Baclofen in Spastic Patients Receiving Multiple Oral Doses","volume":"12","author":"Wuis","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pharm. Weekbl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/283092a0","article-title":"(-)Baclofen Decreases Neurotransmitter Release in the Mammalian CNS by an Action at a Novel GABA Receptor","volume":"283","author":"Bowery","year":"1980","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00613463","article-title":"Baclofen in the Elderly Stroke Patient Its Side-Effects and Pharmacokinetics","volume":"29","author":"Hulme","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410150306","article-title":"Baclofen in the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia: Double-blind Study and Long-term Follow-up","volume":"15","author":"Fromm","year":"1984","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.08.005","article-title":"Pharmacological Treatments of Neuropathic Pain: The Latest Recommendations","volume":"175","author":"Attal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1191\/0269216304pm845ra","article-title":"Gabapentin in the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"18","author":"Bennett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00255-5","article-title":"Gabapentin in Neuropathic Pain Syndromes: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"99","author":"Serpell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-013-0057-y","article-title":"Implications and Mechanism of Action of Gabapentin in Neuropathic Pain","volume":"36","author":"Kukkar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/jns.12149","article-title":"Caffeine Prevents Antihyperalgesic Effect of Gabapentin in an Animal Model of CRPS-I: Evidence for the Involvement of Spinal Adenosine A1 Receptor","volume":"20","author":"Martins","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.033","article-title":"Pharmacologic Management of Neuropathic Pain: Evidence-Based Recommendations","volume":"132","author":"Dworkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/10401230701333319","article-title":"Duloxetine: Review of Its Pharmacology, and Therapeutic Use in Depression and Other Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"19","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"CD007115","article-title":"Duloxetine for Treating Painful Neuropathy, Chronic Pain or Fibromyalgia","volume":"2014","author":"Lunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.2165\/00002512-199608060-00008","article-title":"Amitriptyline. A Review of Its Pharmacological Properties and Therapeutic Use in Chronic Pain States","volume":"8","author":"Bryson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drugs Aging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2006.03.034","article-title":"A Comparative Study of the Action of Tolperisone on Seven Different Voltage Dependent Sodium Channel Isoforms","volume":"538","author":"Hofer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00229-3","article-title":"Systemic Lidocaine for Neuropathic Pain Relief","volume":"87","author":"Mao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.003","article-title":"Tramadol, Fentanyl and Sufentanil but Not Morphine Block Voltage-Operated Sodium Channels","volume":"126","author":"Haeseler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318172fefc","article-title":"The Analgesic Drug, Tramadol, Acts as an Agonist of the Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid-1","volume":"106","author":"Czifra","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ANE.0000150961.24747.98","article-title":"The Effects of Tramadol and Its Metabolite on Glycine, \u03b3-Aminobutyric AcidA, and N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes","volume":"100","author":"Hara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014814924965","article-title":"Mechanisms of Action of Carbamazepine and Its Derivatives, Oxcarbazepine, BIA 2-093, and BIA 2-024","volume":"27","author":"Carvalho","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)63825-X","article-title":"Locus Coeruleus Control of Spinal Motor Output","volume":"88","author":"Fung","year":"1991","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1139\/y81-007","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine: A Possible Mechanism of Action for Its Muscle Relaxant Effect","volume":"59","author":"Commissiong","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.2220\/biomedres.9.343","article-title":"Effects of Adrenergic Agents on Ventral Horn Cells in Rat Spinal Cord Slices","volume":"9","author":"Hirayama","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(94)90155-4","article-title":"Cotransmitter-Mediated Locus Coeruleus Action on Motoneurons","volume":"35","author":"Fung","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tartas, M., Morin, F., Barri\u00e8re, G., Goillandeau, M., Lacaille, J.C., Cazalets, J.R., and Bertrand, S.S. (2010). Noradrenergic Modulation of Intrinsic and Synaptic Properties of Lumbar Motoneurons in the Neonatal Rat Spinal Cord. Front. Neural Circuits, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/neuro.04.004.2010"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00775.2010","article-title":"Adrenergic Receptors Modulate Motoneuron Excitability, Sensory Synaptic Transmission and Muscle Spasms after Chronic Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"105","author":"Rank","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179069518800508","DOI":"10.1177\/1179069518800508","article-title":"Psychoplastogens: A Promising Class of Plasticity-Promoting Neurotherapeutics","volume":"12","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2022.136864","article-title":"Targeting 5-HT2A Receptors and Kv7 Channels in PFC to Attenuate Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Rats Using a Spared Nerve Injury Model","volume":"789","author":"Vizcarra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4371","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990341","article-title":"Modulation of the Intrinsic Properties of Motoneurons by Serotonin","volume":"19","author":"Perrier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2014.12.008","article-title":"Serotonergic Modulation of Spinal Motor Control","volume":"33","author":"Perrier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1995.sp020758","article-title":"Inhibition of N- and P-type Calcium Currents and the After-hyperpolarization in Rat Motoneurones by Serotonin","volume":"485","author":"Bayliss","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/88.5.679","article-title":"Antinociceptive Role of 5-HT1A Receptors in Rat Spinal Cord","volume":"88","author":"Nadeson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"210","article-title":"Review: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 Receptors and Their Role in the Modulation of Pain Response in the Central Nervous System","volume":"16","author":"Jaime","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.03.007","article-title":"Pharmacological Activation of 5-HT7 Receptors Reduces Nerve Injury-Induced Mechanical and Thermal Hypersensitivity","volume":"149","author":"Brenchat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0b013e328349aae4","article-title":"The Complex Role of Serotonin and 5-HT Receptors in Chronic Pain","volume":"22","author":"Bardin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00070-2","article-title":"5-HT2A Receptor Subtype in the Peripheral Branch of Sensory Fibers Is Involved in the Potentiation of Inflammatory Pain in Rats","volume":"99","author":"Okamoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.08.014","article-title":"Role of Spinal Serotonin 5-HT2A Receptor in 2\u2032,3\u2032-Dideoxycytidine-Induced Neuropathic Pain in the Rat and the Mouse","volume":"137","author":"Brisorgueil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2009.11.011","article-title":"Topical and Systemic Administrations of Ketanserin Attenuate Hypersensitivity and Expression of CGRP in Rats with Spinal Nerve Ligation","volume":"627","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2005.06.002","article-title":"Contribution of the Peripheral 5-HT2A Receptor to Mechanical Hyperalgesia in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"47","author":"Nitanda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.09.021","article-title":"Increasing Spinal 5-HT2A Receptor Responsiveness Mediates Anti-Allodynic Effect and Potentiates Fluoxetine Efficacy in Neuropathic Rats. Evidence for GABA Release","volume":"118","author":"Dupuis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2008.03.028","article-title":"Serotonin Syndrome in a Patient Taking Lexapro and Flexeril: A Case Report","volume":"26","author":"Day","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2011.177","article-title":"Linking Pharmacology to Clinical Reports Cyclobenzaprine and Its Possible Association with Serotonin Syndrome","volume":"90","author":"Mestres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000247699.81580.eb","article-title":"Serotonin Syndrome from the Interaction of Cyclobenzaprine with Other Serotoninergic Drugs","volume":"103","author":"Keegan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Adding Pharmacologic Treatment with Clonazepam or Cyclobenzaprine to Patient Education and Self-Care for the Treatment of Jaw Pain upon Awakening: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"16","author":"Herman","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Orofac. Pain"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2317-0190.v9i3a102371","article-title":"Myofascial Syndrome: Comparison between Infiltration of Trigger Points Treatment and Oral Medication (Cyclobenzaprine)","volume":"9","author":"Furtado","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Fisi\u00e1tr."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"CD006830","article-title":"Cyclobenzaprine for the Treatment of Myofascial Pain in Adults","volume":"2017","author":"Leite","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.13043","article-title":"Naproxen with Cyclobenzaprine, Oxycodone\/Acetaminophen, or Placebo for Treating Acute Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"314","author":"Friedman","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA-J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200408000-00032","article-title":"The Pharmacologic Treatment of Muscle Pain","volume":"101","author":"Cohen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2015.1040157","article-title":"Cardiac Sodium Channel Blockade after an Intentional Ingestion of Lacosamide, Cyclobenzaprine, and Levetiracetam: Case Report","volume":"53","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, J., Zhang, C., Xie, S., He, J., and Zhang, H. (2025). Cyclobenzaprine-Related Adverse Events: A Comprehensive Pharmacovigilance Analysis Using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1574395"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00499900","article-title":"Antinociceptive Action of Tizanidine in Mice and Rats","volume":"330","author":"Kameyama","year":"1985","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"3209","article-title":"Tizanidine Exerts Anti-Nociceptive Effects in Spared Nerve Injury Model of Neuropathic Pain through Inhibition of TLR4\/NF-\u039aB Pathway","volume":"42","author":"Pei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)91130-B","article-title":"Effect of Intrathecal Tizanidine on Antinociception and Blood Pressure in the Rat","volume":"40","author":"McCarthy","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199708000-00035","article-title":"Antinociceptive Interaction of Intrathecal A2-Adrenergic Agonists, Tizanidine and Clonidine, with Lidocaine in Rats","volume":"87","author":"Kawamata","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1097\/00000539-200111000-00057","article-title":"Systemic Tizanidine Hydrochloride (ZanaflexTM) Relieves Thermal Hyperalgesia in Rats with an Experimental Mononeuropathy","volume":"93","author":"Hord","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1054\/jpai.2000.9435","article-title":"Effectiveness of Tizanidine in Neuropathic Pain: An Open-Label Study","volume":"1","author":"Semenchuk","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.77.3.1696","article-title":"Noradrenergic A1 and A2 Receptors: Light Microscopic Autoradiographic Localization","volume":"77","author":"Young","year":"1980","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.02.023","article-title":"Noradrenergic Neurons in the Locus Coeruleus Contribute to Neuropathic Pain","volume":"160","author":"Brightwell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/81.2.208","article-title":"Pharmacological Evidence for Different Alpha2-Adrenergic Receptor Sites Mediating Analgesia and Sedation in the Rat","volume":"81","author":"Buerkle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2009.05.014","article-title":"A2-Adrenoceptor Subtypes-Mediated Physiological, Pharmacological Actions","volume":"55","author":"Gyires","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(88)90254-4","article-title":"Sub Types of A2-Adrenoceptors: Pharmacological and Molecular Biological Evidence Converg","volume":"9","author":"Bylund","year":"1988","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(95)00018-2","article-title":"Adrenergic Receptor Signal Transduction and Regulation","volume":"34","author":"Hein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2011.02.011","article-title":"\u03b1(2)-Adrenoceptor Agonist-Induced Inhibition of Gastric Motor Activity Is Mediated by \u03b1(2A)-Adrenoceptor Subtype in the Mouse","volume":"58","author":"Shujaa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1990.tb12968.x","article-title":"Assessment of Imiloxan as a Selective \u03b1(2B)-Adrenoceptor Antagonist","volume":"99","author":"Michel","year":"1990","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707005","article-title":"Pharmacological Characterization and CNS Effects of a Novel Highly Selective \u03b1 2C-Adrenoceptor Antagonist JP-1302","volume":"150","author":"Sallinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903280409","article-title":"Distributions of MRNAs for Alpha-2 Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Rat Brain: An in Situ Hybridization Study","volume":"328","author":"Nicholas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2366","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14580","article-title":"Spinal A2-Adrenoceptors and Neuropathic Pain Modulation; Therapeutic Target","volume":"176","author":"Bahari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704032","article-title":"Contribution of a 2 Receptor Subtypes to Nerve Injury-Induced Pain and Its Regulation by Dexmedetomidine","volume":"132","author":"Malmberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.01.067","article-title":"The Noradrenergic Pain Regulation System: A Potential Target for Pain Therapy","volume":"716","author":"Pertovaara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa-Pereira, J.T., Ribeiro, J., Martins, I., and Tavares, I. (2020). Role of Spinal Cord A2-Adrenoreceptors in Noradrenergic Inhibition of Nociceptive Transmission During Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.01413"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.09.018","article-title":"Antinociception Induced by a Novel A2A Adrenergic Receptor Agonist in Rodents Acute and Chronic Pain Models","volume":"815","author":"Sudo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2.11.2840317","article-title":"Receptors Linked to Inhibition of Adenylate Cyclase: Additional Signaling Mechanisms","volume":"2","author":"Limbird","year":"1988","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01533.x","article-title":"Are the Pharmacology and Physiology of \u03b1 2adrenoceptors Determined by \u03b1 2-Heteroreceptors and Autoreceptors Respectively?","volume":"165","author":"Gilsbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1782719","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1782719","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine Inhibits Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels via \u03b1 2-Adrenoceptors in Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons","volume":"2018","author":"Im","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248410395020","article-title":"Tizanidine (Zanaflex): A Muscle Relaxant That May Prolong the QT Interval by Blocking I Kr","volume":"17","author":"Kaddar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(03)00013-2","article-title":"Effect of Muscle Relaxants on Experimental Jaw-Muscle Pain and Jaw-Stretch Reflexes: A Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"7","author":"Svensson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjae.2019.10.002","article-title":"Basic Pharmacology of Local Anaesthetics","volume":"20","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJA Educ."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2003-4-3-207","article-title":"Overview of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Family","volume":"4","author":"Yu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y.F. (2025). Nav1.8 and Chronic Pain: From Laboratory Animals to Clinical Patients. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15050694"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.44.101802.121627","article-title":"Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels and Hyperalgesia","volume":"44","author":"Lai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-neuro-060909-153234","article-title":"Sodium Channels in Normal and Pathological Pain","volume":"33","author":"Cummins","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"1085","article-title":"Suzetrigine, a Nonopioid NaV1.8 Inhibitor for Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Acute Pain: Two Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"142","author":"Bertoch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cha, K.I., Kim, G.E., Seol, J.H., Kim, D.W., and Lee, S. (2025). Enhancing Chemical Stability and Bioavailability of Aneratrigine Capsules via Dry Granulation: Addressing Stability Challenges in Sodium Bicarbonate-Containing Formulations for Clinical Development. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17081047"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00682-9","article-title":"Inhibition of Nav1.7 Channel by a Novel Blocker QLS-81 for Alleviation of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"42","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101132","article-title":"Discovery of E0199: A Novel Compound Targeting Both Peripheral NaV and KV7 Channels to Alleviate Neuropathic Pain","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8520","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611364104","article-title":"A-803467, a Potent and Selective Nav1.8 Sodium Channel Blocker, Attenuates Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain in the Rat","volume":"104","author":"Jarvis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.134148","article-title":"A Selective Nav1.8 Sodium Channel Blocker, A-803467 [5-4-Chlorophenyl-N-(3,5-Dimethoxyphenyl)Furan-2-Carboxamide], Attenuates Spinal Neuronal Activity in Neuropathic Rats","volume":"324","author":"McGaraughty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1124\/molpharm.123.000789","article-title":"Pharmacologic Characterization of LTGO-33, a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of the Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel NaV1.8 with a Unique Mechanism of ActionS","volume":"105","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100030","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.124.002273","article-title":"Inhibition of TTX-S Na+ Currents by a Novel Blocker QLS-278 for Antinociception","volume":"392","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.08.026","article-title":"Design and Synthesis of Novel \u03b1-Aminoamides Derivatives as Nav1.7 Inhibitors for Antinociception","volume":"33","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S509144","article-title":"Suzetrigine, a Non-Opioid NaV1.8 Inhibitor With Broad Applicability for Moderate-to-Severe Acute Pain: A Phase 3 Single-Arm Study for Surgical or Non-Surgical Acute Pain","volume":"18","author":"McCoun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pain. Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30005-4","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of a Nav1.7 Selective Sodium Channel Blocker in Patients with Trigeminal Neuralgia: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomised Withdrawal Phase 2a Trial","volume":"16","author":"Zakrzewska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001567","article-title":"Antiallodynic Effects of the Selective NaV1.7 Inhibitor Pn3a in a Mouse Model of Acute Postsurgical Pain: Evidence for Analgesic Synergy with Opioids and Baclofen","volume":"160","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deuis, J.R., Wingerd, J.S., Winter, Z., Durek, T., Dekan, Z., Sousa, S.R., Zimmermann, K., Hoffmann, T., Weidner, C., and Nassar, M.A. (2016). Analgesic Effects of GpTx-1, PF-04856264 and CNV1014802 in a Mouse Model of NaV1.7-Mediated Pain. Toxins, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins8030078"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakatos, P.P., Kar\u00e1di, D.\u00c1., Galambos, A.R., Essmat, N., Kir\u00e1ly, K., Laufer, R., Geda, O., Z\u00e1dori, Z.S., T\u00e1bi, T., and Al-Khrasani, M. (2022). The Acute Antiallodynic Effect of Tolperisone in Rat Neuropathic Pain and Evaluation of Its Mechanism of Action. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23179564"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Essmat, N., Galambos, A.R., Lakatos, P.P., Kar\u00e1di, D.\u00c1., Mohammadzadeh, A., Abbood, S.K., Geda, O., Laufer, R., Kir\u00e1ly, K., and Riba, P. (2023). Pregabalin\u2013Tolperisone Combination to Treat Neuropathic Pain: Improved Analgesia and Reduced Side Effects in Rats. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081115"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409066103","article-title":"Identification of the A2-\u03b4-1 Subunit of Voltage-Calcium Calcium Channels as a Molecular Target for Pain Mediating the Analgesic Actions of Pregabalin","volume":"103","author":"Field","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore, R.A., Straube, S., Wiffen, P.J., Derry, S., McQuay, H.J., and Moore, M. (2009). Pregabalin for Acute and Chronic Pain in Adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD007076.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007076.pub2"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aes306","article-title":"Combined Carbamazepine and Pregabalin Therapy in a Rat Model of Neuropathic Pain","volume":"109","author":"Hahm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.33897\/fujd.v4i1.335","article-title":"Comparison of Carbamazepine Alone and in Combination with Gabapentin as Medical Therapy to Control Pain Associated with Trigeminal Neuralgia","volume":"4","author":"Mariam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Found. Univ. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/wmts.102","article-title":"L-Type Ca2+ Channels in Heart and Brain","volume":"3","author":"Striessnig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Membr. Transp. Signal."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202002083","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202002083","article-title":"Depolarization Induces Nociceptor Sensitization by Cav1.2-Mediated PKA-II Activation","volume":"220","author":"Isensee","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antunes, F.T.T., Campos, M.M., Carvalho, V.d.P.R., da Silva Junior, C.A., Magno, L.A.V., de Souza, A.H., and Gomez, M.V. (2023). Current Drug Development Overview: Targeting Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels for the Treatment of Pain. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119223"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6607","DOI":"10.1113\/JP272725","article-title":"Cav1.2 and Cav1.3 L-Type Calcium Channels Independently Control Short- and Long-Term Sensitization to Pain","volume":"594","author":"Radwani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81057-0","article-title":"Nomenclature of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels","volume":"25","author":"Ertel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.4.949","article-title":"Identification and Differential Subcellular Localization of the Neuronal Class C and Class D L-Type Calcium Channel A1 Subunits","volume":"123","author":"Hell","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.01.059","article-title":"Brain Activation Pattern Induced by Stimulation of L-Type Ca2+-Channels: Contribution of CaV1.3 and CaV1.2 Isoforms","volume":"139","author":"Hetzenauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2732","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82210-7","article-title":"Function of Cone and Cone-Related Pathways in CaV1.4 IT Mice","volume":"11","author":"Zanetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2167569","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2023.2167569","article-title":"Advances in CaV1.1 Gating: New Insights into Permeation and Voltage-Sensing Mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Bibollet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Channels"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.09.041","article-title":"Calcium Signaling in Neurons and Glial Cells: Role of Cav1 Channels","volume":"421","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17819","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0707945104","article-title":"\u03b3-Band Deficiency and Abnormal Thalamocortical Activity in P\/Q-Type Channel Mutant Mice","volume":"104","author":"Choi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S1472928801000061","article-title":"Differential Control of High-Voltage Activated Ca2+ Current Components by a Ca2+-Dependent Inactivation Mechanism in Thalamic Relay Neurons","volume":"1","author":"Meuth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Thalamus Relat. Syst."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109973","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109973","article-title":"Functional Remodeling of Presynaptic Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels in Superficial Layers of the Dorsal Horn during Neuropathic Pain","volume":"27","author":"Ferron","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_160","first-page":"E12043","article-title":"Ablation of \u03b1 2 \u03b4-1 Inhibits Cell-Surface Trafficking of Endogenous N-Type Calcium Channels in the Pain Pathway in Vivo","volume":"115","author":"Ramgoolam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ohashi, N., Uta, D., Ohashi, M., Hoshino, R., and Baba, H. (2024). Omega-Conotoxin MVIIA Reduces Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury by Inhibiting N-Type Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels on Spinal Dorsal Horn. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1366829"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00436-5","article-title":"The Novel N-Type Calcium Channel Blocker, AM336, Produces Potent Dose-Dependent Antinociception after Intrathecal Dosing in Rats and Inhibits Substance P Release in Rat Spinal Cord Slices","volume":"96","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050378","article-title":"Spinal Application of \u03c9-Conotoxin GVIA, an N-Type Calcium Channel Antagonist, Attenuates Enhancement of Dorsal Spinal Neuronal Responses Caused by Intra-Articular Injection of Mustard Oil in the Rat","volume":"120","author":"Nebe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230811102700","article-title":"Role of Cav2.3 (R-Type) Calcium Channel in Pain and Analgesia: A Scoping Review","volume":"22","author":"Ferreira","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pichon, C.E., and Chesler, A.T. (2014). The Functional and Anatomical Dissection of Somatosensory Subpopulations Using Mouse Genetics. Front. Neuroanat., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2014.00021"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4196\/kjpp.2010.14.1.45","article-title":"R-Type Calcium Channel Isoform in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons","volume":"14","author":"Fang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4757","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M605248200","article-title":"Molecular Basis of Cav2.3 Calcium Channels in Rat Nociceptive Neurons","volume":"282","author":"Fang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(01)02427-1","article-title":"Distribution of Various Calcium Channel A1 Subunits in Murine DRG Neurons and Antinociceptive Effect of \u03c9-Conotoxin SVIB in Mice","volume":"903","author":"Murakami","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002561","article-title":"Conotoxin Contulakin-G Engages a Neurotensin Receptor 2\/R-Type Calcium Channel (Cav2.3) Pathway to Mediate Spinal Antinociception","volume":"163","author":"Martin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6132","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.100124197","article-title":"Altered Pain Responses in Mice Lacking A1E Subunit of the Voltage-Dependent Ca2+ Channel","volume":"97","author":"Saegusa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6319","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-16-06319.1998","article-title":"Localization of Ca2+ Channel Subtypes on Rat Spinal Motor Neurons, Interneurons, and Nerve Terminals","volume":"18","author":"Westenbroek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0953-816X.2004.03121.x","article-title":"Peripheral Nerve Injury Induces Trans-Synaptic Modification of Channels, Receptors and Signal Pathways in Rat Dorsal Spinal Cord","volume":"19","author":"Yang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6419","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06419.1995","article-title":"Biochemical Properties and Subcellular Distribution of the Neuronal Class E Calcium Channel A1 Subunit","volume":"15","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4966","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-87795-x","article-title":"CaV2.3 Channels in the Mouse Central Medial Thalamic Nucleus Are Essential for Thalamocortical Oscillations and Spike Wave Discharges","volume":"15","author":"Tadic","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-06-01895.1999","article-title":"Differential Distribution of Three Members of a Gene Family Encoding Low Voltage-Activated (T-Type) Calcium Channels","volume":"19","author":"Talley","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6362","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-15-06362.2002","article-title":"Mutations in High-Voltage-Activated Calcium Channel Genes Stimulate Low-Voltage-Activated Currents in Mouse Thalamic Relay Neurons","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S1016-8478(23)17576-5","article-title":"Attenuated Neuropathic Pain in CaV3.1 Null Mice","volume":"25","author":"Na","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.19963290402","article-title":"Tolperisone: Evaluation of the Lidocaine-like Activity by Molecular Modeling","volume":"329","author":"Fels","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.40.272","article-title":"Determination of Tolperisone Enantiomers in Plasma and Their Disposition in Rats","volume":"40","author":"Yokoyama","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.242156","article-title":"A Single Amino Acid Residue at Transmembrane Domain 4 of the \u03b1 Subunit Influences Carisoprodol Direct Gating Efficacy at GABAa Receptors","volume":"362","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711003010033","article-title":"Carisoprodol: Abuse Potential and Withdrawal Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Reeves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abuse. Rev."},{"key":"ref_182","first-page":"723","article-title":"Carisoprodol: A Drug of Continuing Abuse","volume":"97","author":"Reeves","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Osteopath. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1159\/000115830","article-title":"Baclofen as an Analgesic in Chronic Peripheral Nerve Disease","volume":"24","author":"Terrence","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"833","article-title":"A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of a Topical Treatment for Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: NCCTG Trial N06CA","volume":"19","author":"Barton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccella, S., De Filippis, L., Giorgio, C., Brandolini, L., Jones, M., Novelli, R., Amorizzo, E., Leoni, M.L.G., Terranova, G., and Maione, S. (2023). Combination Drug Therapy for the Management of Chronic Neuropathic Pain. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13121802"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.174855","article-title":"Sex-Dependent Antiallodynic Effect of A2 Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Tizanidine in Rats with Experimental Neuropathic Pain","volume":"920","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s-0034-1376743","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0034-1376743","article-title":"Pain Genetics and Personalized Spine Care","volume":"4","author":"Belfer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. Spine J."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaf362","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf362","article-title":"Sex Differences in Pain Perception and Modulation in the Brain: Effects of Insular Cortex Stimulation on Chronic Pain Relief","volume":"7","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marchesini, M., Fornasari, D., Natoli, S., Vegni, E., and Cuomo, A. (2025). Sex-Related Differences in Chronic Pain: A Narrative Review by a Multidisciplinary Task Force. Medicina, 61.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina61071172"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.12.033","article-title":"Pain without Nociceptors? Nav1.7-Independent Pain Mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Minett","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz, M.M., Caylor, J., Strigo, I., Lerman, I., Henry, B., Lopez, E., Wallace, M.S., Ellis, R.J., Simmons, A.N., and Keltner, J.R. (2022). Toward Composite Pain Biomarkers of Neuropathic Pain\u2014Focus on Peripheral Neuropathic Pain. Front. Pain Res., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2022.869215"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/1\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T16:54:26Z","timestamp":1767200066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/1\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"references-count":191,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16010067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16010067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]}}}