{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:38:50Z","timestamp":1783359530837,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal Ministry of Health","award":["ZMVI1-2519DSM212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZMVI1-2519DSM212"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Fund of the University of Duisburg-Essen"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sexualized substance use (SSU) describes the use of psychotropic substances in the context of sexual activity. Less is known about the role of sexualized substance use among individuals with substance use disorders (SUD) and its effect on the course of the disorder, e.g., regarding relapses after abstinence. Methods: A convenience sample of individuals undergoing SUD rehabilitation in Germany was surveyed. A questionnaire asked about SSU, sex as a risk factor for relapse, and the importance of sexuality in treatment. Results: N = 490 (30.1% female) participated; 55% of men and 63% of women reported SSU, and 56.5% of heterosexual and 82.9% of homosexual men reported SSU (p &lt; 0.017; r = 0.20). Stimulant users are more likely to report SSU than alcohol (p &lt; 0.001) and sedative users (p &lt; 0.001; r = 0.296 and r = 0.261). Furthermore, 15% of women and 18% of men consider sexual activity a risk factor for relapse; homosexual men (65%) consider it significantly more often than heterosexual men (14%), while 41.2% of heterosexual women and 55% of homosexual women consider it a factor. Additionally, 27.4% of heterosexual and 69.4% identified sexuality as an important topic for therapy, while 19.8% of heterosexual women, 30% of homosexual women, 13.5% of heterosexual men, and 47.2% of homosexual men reported that sexuality had been addressed in their therapy. Conclusions: SSU was reported by individuals with a SUD who were undergoing rehabilitation treatment. Furthermore, patients consider sexual activity as a potential risk factor for relapse, with this being particularly the case for stimulant users. The topic of sexuality is highly important for patients and should, therefore, be given greater consideration in therapy in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16010071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:28:57Z","timestamp":1767626937000},"page":"71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Is Sex an Underrated Risk for Relapse in Substance Use Disorders?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Bohn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Graf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Institute of Addiction and Prevention Research, Catholic University of Applied Sciences Nordrhein-Westfalen, 50668 Koeln, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1759-6990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert","family":"Scherbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2661-9472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Deimel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"},{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, Nuremberg Institute of Technology Georg Simon Ohm, 90489 Nuremberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3599-2877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrike","family":"Schecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LVR-University Hospital, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty of the University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052674","article-title":"Substance Use among Men Who Have Sex with Men: Patterns, Motivations, Impacts and Intervention Development Need","volume":"93","author":"Bourne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. 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