{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:35:08Z","timestamp":1787027708633,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":313,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000900","name":"California Institute for Regenerative Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DISC2-14180"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DISC2-14180"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016935","name":"Lisa Dean Moseley Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016935","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS104291"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS104291"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01NS115977"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01NS115977"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"alsFINDaCURE and HOP on a CURE"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000957","name":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["24AARG-D-1191264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24AARG-D-1191264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000957","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"CURE program from Drexel University College of Medicine SAP","award":["4100083087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4100083087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) remains one of the most formidable challenges in regenerative medicine, often resulting in permanent loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic function. Cell-based therapies offer a promising path toward repair by providing donor neurons and glia capable of integrating into host circuits, modulating the injury environment, and restoring function. Early studies employing fetal neural tissue and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have demonstrated proof-of-principle for survival, differentiation, and synaptic integration. More recently, pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived donor populations and engineered constructs have expanded the therapeutic repertoire, enabling precise specification of interneuron subtypes, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes tailored to the injured spinal cord. Advances in genetic engineering, including CRISPR-based editing, trophic factor overexpression, and immune-evasive modifications, are giving rise to next-generation donor cells with enhanced survival and controllable integration. At the same time, biomaterials, pharmacological agents, activity-based therapies, and neuromodulation strategies are being combined with transplantation to overcome barriers and promote long-term recovery. In this review, we summarize progress in designing and engineering donor cells and tissues for SCI repair, highlight how combination strategies are reshaping the therapeutic landscape, and outline opportunities for next-generation approaches. Together, these advances point toward a future in which tailored, multimodal cell-based therapies achieve consistent and durable restoration of spinal cord function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16010113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T08:48:08Z","timestamp":1768985288000},"page":"113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beyond Transplantation: Engineering Neural Cell Therapies and Combination Strategies for Spinal Cord Repair"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4995-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyandysha V.","family":"Zholudeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1348-4713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dennis","family":"Bourbeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"},{"name":"Louis Stokes Cleveland Department of Veterans Affairs, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Spruance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spruance and Associates, Jacksonville, FL 32207, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0021-364X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Ogbolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Qiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelly","family":"Sakiyama-Elbert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1375-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03281-3","article-title":"Cell therapy for neurological disorders","volume":"30","author":"Svendsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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