{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T03:45:35Z","timestamp":1769658335369,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: In recent years, MRI-based diffusion-weighted tractography techniques have uncovered additional white matter pathways that have significant roles in language processing and production. In this review, we aim to outline the major language centers of the brain and major language pathways along with association tracts that serve dual roles in both the language and limbic systems. According to the current dual-stream model of language processing, the brain\u2019s language network is organized into a dorsal stream, responsible for mapping sound to articulation, and a ventral stream, which maps sound to meaning. Materials and Methods: The literature cited in this manuscript was identified through targeted searches of the PubMed database. Priority was given to peer-reviewed human studies, including original neuroimaging, cadaveric validation, and intraoperative stimulation studies. Non-peer-reviewed sources and publications lacking clear anatomical or functional correlation to language pathways were excluded. Results: Advances in functional MRI and diffusion weighted imaging techniques have revealed a more interconnected network, expanding our understanding beyond the classical dual-stream model of language processing. The Kamali limbic model proposed distinct ventral and dorsal limbic networks. Notably, several fiber pathways within the ventral limbic network may subserve both language and limbic functions. The association tracts with dual limbic-language functions form a critical basis for understanding the pathophysiology of language disorders accompanied by cognitive and emotional comorbidities observed in dyslexia, speech apraxia, aphasia, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder. Conclusions: Visualizing the language center and interconnected dual language and limbic fiber tracts highlights the importance of integrating language, executive function, and emotion in developing disease models and designing effective, targeted treatments for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16020142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T15:04:46Z","timestamp":1769612686000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Cortico-Cortical and Subcortical Circuits of the Human Brain Language Centers Including the Dual Limbic and Language Functioning Fiber Tracts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Arash","family":"Kamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2399-2237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nithya P.","family":"Narayana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Loiko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anusha","family":"Gandhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0676-002X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul E.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Tandon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2628-465X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manish N.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatric Surgery and Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vinodh A.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-9479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larry A.","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4635-0914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay-Jiguang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Vivian L. 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Morgan Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy F.","family":"Riascos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7538-2849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khader M.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, UTHealth Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2003.10.011","article-title":"Dorsal and Ventral Streams: A Framework for Understanding Aspects of the Functional Anatomy of Language","volume":"92","author":"Hickok","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2113","article-title":"The Cortical Organization of Speech Processing","volume":"8","author":"Hickok","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. 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