{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T14:29:57Z","timestamp":1778509797952,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Delaware Health Science Alliance"},{"name":"clinicaltrials.gov","award":["NCT06807684"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NCT06807684"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impairments in social communication, reciprocity, and adaptive behavior. Converging neurobiological evidence suggests that these clinical features arise from aberrant connectivity and dysregulated neuronal oscillations across distributed brain networks. In particular, dysfunction within the mirror neuron regions, concentrated in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and inferior parietal lobule (IPL), has been implicated in deficits of imitation, empathy, and social cognition in ASD. Non-invasive neuromodulation using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown modest behavioral benefits in ASD. However, most studies apply the conventional protocols targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The effects of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS), a potent excitatory rTMS protocol targeting the mirror neuron regions, on the oscillatory dynamics in ASD remain largely unexplored. Objective: To investigate whether iTBS targeting the bilateral IFG and IPL modulates EEG-derived oscillatory activity in adolescents with ASD and to explore the relationship between oscillatory changes and social reciprocity. Methods: Six adolescents with Level I or II ASD (ages 13\u201318) underwent bilateral iTBS targeting the IFG and IPL using a figure-of-eight coil and standardized theta-burst parameters. Participants were randomized to receive either 18 active iTBS sessions or a waitlist-controlled crossover design (9 sham followed by 9 active sessions). Standard 21-channel EEG recordings were obtained during the first (EEG-1) and final (EEG-2) active stimulation sessions, including pre- and post-stimulation epochs. Power spectral analyses were conducted across frequency bands (delta through gamma). Behavioral outcomes were assessed using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, Second Edition (CARS2), administered pre- and post-intervention. Results: All participants tolerated the intervention without adverse effects. Behavioral analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in CARS2 scores following iTBS and is reported in detail in our prior clinical outcomes manuscript, consistent with improved social reciprocity (p &lt; 0.001). EEG analysis revealed an immediate post-stimulation increase in gamma-band power during EEG-1 in five of six participants, whereas lower-frequency bands exhibited variable responses. In contrast, EEG-2 showed no consistent post-stimulation gamma enhancement. Net comparisons between EEG-1 and EEG-2 demonstrated attenuation of the initial gamma response in the same five participants. At the group level, gamma percent change did not reach statistical significance at EEG-1 (p = 0.12) or EEG-2 (p = 0.66), and exploratory comparisons between the 9-active versus 18-active arms did not reach statistical significance. While ipsi-directional changes in gamma power and CARS2 scores were observed in four participants, correlation was not identified in this pilot sample. Conclusions: Bilateral iTBS targeting the IFG and IPL induces a transient enhancement of gamma oscillations in adolescents with ASD that attenuates with repeated stimulation. This pattern is consistent with adaptive homeostatic plasticity (metaplasticity) within excitatory\u2013inhibitory circuits, potentially mediated by GABAergic interneurons. These findings support the feasibility of EEG as an objective biomarker of neuromodulatory engagement in ASD and highlight the importance of network-level and oscillatory mechanisms in interpreting therapeutic responses. Larger, sham-controlled studies incorporating multimodal biomarkers are warranted to clarify clinical relevance and optimize personalized neuromodulation strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16020192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:05:47Z","timestamp":1770372347000},"page":"192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["iTBS Stimulation of the Bilateral IFG\/IPL Alters the Oscillatory Pattern in ASD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7794-8742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitra","family":"Assadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Thomas Jefferson University, 901 Walnut St., Suite 400, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3823-6348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reza","family":"Koiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuromechanix, Newark, DE 19713, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8739-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan","family":"Ally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Christiana Care Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Department, Christiana Care Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19718, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodney","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology and Pediatrics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA"},{"name":"Pediatric Neurology, AI Dupont Children\u2019s Hospital, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-015-2521-7","article-title":"Brief Report: Forecasting the Economic Burden of Autism in 2015 and 2025 in the United States","volume":"45","author":"Leigh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-081423-031110","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Across the Lifespan","volume":"21","author":"Tafolla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2015.06.014","article-title":"Multivariate classification of autism spectrum disorder using frequency-specific resting-state functional connectivity\u2014A multi-center study","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1611","article-title":"Understanding emotions in others: Mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"9","author":"Dapretto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneuro0990","article-title":"Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance","volume":"5","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Clin. Pract. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-009-2002-3","article-title":"Mirror neurons: From discovery to autism","volume":"200","author":"Rizzolatti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361320936945","article-title":"Continuing to look in the mirror: A review of neuroscientific evidence for the broken mirror hypothesis, EP-M model and STORM model of autism spectrum conditions","volume":"24","author":"Yates","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Hamilton, A.F.d.C. (2012). Social top-down response modulation (STORM): A model of the control of mimicry in social interaction. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00153"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210701508798","article-title":"Emulation and Mimicry for Social Interaction: A Theoretical Approach to Imitation in Autism","volume":"61","author":"Hamilton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.23349","article-title":"Anatomy and white matter connections of the inferior frontal gyrus","volume":"32","author":"Briggs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Anat."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schaer, M., Ottet, M.-C., Scariati, E., Dukes, D., Franchini, M., Eliez, S., and Glaser, B. (2013). Decreased frontal gyrification correlates with altered connectivity in children with autism. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00750"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2029","article-title":"Aberrant functional connectivity of neural circuits associated with social and sensorimotor deficits in young children with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2013.10.003","article-title":"Local functional overconnectivity in posterior brain regions is associated with symptom severity in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"5","author":"Keown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3107","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1214533110","article-title":"Local and long-range functional connectivity is reduced in concert in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"110","author":"Khan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.3.337","article-title":"Evidence of brain overgrowth in the first year of life in autism","volume":"290","author":"Courchesne","year":"2003","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.1638","article-title":"Neuron number and size in prefrontal cortex of children with autism","volume":"306","author":"Courchesne","year":"2011","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2020.02.004","article-title":"Translational neuroscience in autism: From neuropathology to transcranial magnetic stimulation therapies","volume":"43","author":"Casanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spen.2020.100832","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Neuropathological Underpinnings and Clinical Correlations","volume":"35","author":"Casanova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2014.05.021","article-title":"Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)","volume":"125","author":"Lefaucheur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1960-2","article-title":"Use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"45","author":"Oberman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2014.10.012","article-title":"Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"Krishnan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2016.12.009","article-title":"Safety of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Children: A Systematic Review of the Literature","volume":"68","author":"Allen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barahona-Corr\u00eaa, J.B., Velosa, A., Chainho, A., Lopes, R., and Oliveira-Maia, A.J. (2018). Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Treatment of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2018.00027"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-022-09564-1","article-title":"Treatment Response of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Intellectually Capable Youth and Young Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Wang, H., Xue, Q., Huang, Z., and Wang, Y. (2019). High-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Applied to the Parietal Cortex for Low-Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Series. Front. Psychiatry, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00293"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13150","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on children with low-function autism","volume":"25","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.10.016","article-title":"The effect of rTMS over the inferior parietal lobule on EEG sensorimotor reactivity differs according to self-reported traits of autism in typically developing individuals","volume":"1541","author":"Puzzo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.01.073","article-title":"The role of the left inferior frontal gyrus in social perception: An rTMS study","volume":"1383","author":"Keuken","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148258","article-title":"Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation combined with action-observation-execution on social interaction and communication in autism spectrum disorder: Feasibility study","volume":"1804","author":"Kaokhieo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32251","article-title":"A systematic review of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for autism spectrum disorder","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oberman, L., Ifert-Miller, F., Najib, U., Bashir, S., Woollacott, L., Gonzalez-Heydrich, J., Picker, J., Rotenberg, A., and Pascual-Leone, A. (2010). Transcranial magnetic stimulation provides means to assess cortical plasticity and excitability in humans with fragile x syndrome and autism spectrum disorder. Front. Synaptic Neurosci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsyn.2010.00026"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.016","article-title":"Dysfunction of sensory oscillations in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"68","author":"Simon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-021-09509-z","article-title":"Ringing decay of gamma oscillations and transcranial magnetic stimulation therapy in autism spectrum disorder","volume":"46","author":"Casanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Psychophysiol. Biofeedback"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.017","article-title":"Noninvasive stimulation of the temporoparietal junction: A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Donaldson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BRAT.0000006333.93597.9d","article-title":"Using the International 10\u201320 EEG System for Positioning of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"16","author":"Herwig","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y. (2020). Potential Locations for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Treating Autism Spectrum Disorders-A Functional Connectivity Study. Front. Psychiatry, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00388"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Impact of Bi-hemispheric iTBS Stimulation of the IPL and IFG on Social Reciprocity in ASD","volume":"5","author":"Assadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glob. J. Pediatr. Neonatal Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.62414\/001c.92669","article-title":"On or off the \u2018Spectrum\u2019? The Complexity of Screening and Diagnosing Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)","volume":"1","author":"Shaffer","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAACAP Connect."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116040","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.116040","article-title":"Alterations in resting-state gamma-activity is adults with autism spectrum disorder: A High-Density EEG study","volume":"339","author":"Kakuszi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2012.08172.x","article-title":"Abnormal modulation of corticospinal excitability in adults with Asperger\u2019s syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Oberman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2016.01.006","article-title":"Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects","volume":"9","author":"Suppa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jannati, A. (2020). Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation in Children with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Children. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2020.00013"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.03.021","article-title":"Modulation of motor cortical excitability by continuous theta-burst stimulation in adults with autism spectrum disorder","volume":"132","author":"Jannati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2021.03.046","article-title":"Assessing and stabilizing atypical plasticity in autism spectrum disorder using rTMS: Results from a proof-of-principle study","volume":"141","author":"Desarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2016.07.007","article-title":"Cerebral plasticity: Windows of opportunity in the developing brain","volume":"21","author":"Ismail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-022-01453-8","article-title":"Assessing the mechanisms of brain plasticity by transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"48","author":"Jannati","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moxon-Emre, I., Daskalakis, Z.J., Blumberger, D.M., Croarkin, P.E., Lyon, R.E., Forde, N.J., Tani, H., Truong, P., Lai, M.-C., and Desarkar, P. (2021). Modulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Glutamate\/Glutamine Levels Following Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Young Adults with Autism. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.711542"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.27.070203.144216","article-title":"The plastic human brain cortex","volume":"28","author":"Amedi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-011-0196-8","article-title":"Characterizing brain cortical plasticity and network dynamics across the age-span in health and disease with TMS-EEG and TMS-fMRI","volume":"24","author":"Freitas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Topogr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21160","article-title":"Exploring the after-effects of theta burst magnetic stimulation on the human motor cortex: A functional imaging study","volume":"32","author":"Kammer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20180944","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20180944","article-title":"Revisiting the excitation\/inhibition imbalance hypothesis of ASD through a clinical lens","volume":"92","author":"Port","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.05.068","article-title":"GABA estimation in the brains of children on the autism spectrum: Measurement precision and regional cortical variation","volume":"86","author":"Gaetz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5092","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.5092","article-title":"GABA and glutamate response to social processing: A functional MRS feasibility study","volume":"37","author":"Pasanta","year":"2024","journal-title":"NMR Biomed."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5765","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.238519","article-title":"Homeostatic metaplasticity of corticospinal excitatory and intracortical inhibitory neural circuits in human motor cortex","volume":"590","author":"Murakami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2024.08.127","article-title":"2.28 Target Engagement of Social Perceptual Neural Systems by Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation in ASD","volume":"63","author":"Tsheringla","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohammadi, E., Ahmadi, M., and Raouf, A. (2025, December 01). Designing New Protocol to Increase Effectivity of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Autism Spectrum Disorder. Available online: https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=5279784.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.5279784"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121543","article-title":"The golden age of online readout: EEG-informed TMS from manual probing to closed-loop neuromodulation","volume":"322","author":"Varone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"1261","article-title":"TMS-EEG: An emerging tool to study the neurophysiologic biomarkers of psychiatric disorders","volume":"197","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/2\/192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T10:28:22Z","timestamp":1770373702000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/2\/192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16020192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16020192","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]}}}