{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:26:38Z","timestamp":1792794398390,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common and disabling manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet it remains underdiagnosed in clinical settings. This study aims to identify the volumetric MRI markers of CI in MS patients. A total of 79 MS patients were enrolled; after exclusions, 63 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 7 with primary progressive MS were analyzed. All participants underwent neuropsychological testing (CVLT, BVRT, CTT, VFT, VST, and SDMT). Brain volumes were analyzed using FreeSurfer. In RRMS, 59% had CI (35% single-domain, 24% multidomain). Multidomain CI was linked to reduced left cerebellar white matter and bilateral pallidum volumes, slight choroid plexus enlargement, and higher lesion volume versus cognitively preserved patients. Significant correlations were found between brain volumes and cognitive test scores: cerebellar and cerebral white matter, corpus callosum, subcortical gray matter, and thalamus volumes correlated positively with measures of processing speed, memory, and verbal fluency, while higher lesion load and larger choroid plexus volumes were associated with poorer cognitive performance. CI in MS is linked to both global and regional brain atrophy, as well as lesion load. Volumetric MRI, including choroid plexus analysis, may represent candidate imaging correlates of CI; however, longitudinal and externally validated studies are needed to confirm their predictive value and clinical utility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16020214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T11:13:15Z","timestamp":1770808395000},"page":"214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Volumetric MRI Markers of Cognitive Impairment in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: Cerebellar White Matter Loss, Pallidum Atrophy, and Choroid Plexus Enlargement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6618-7013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Weronika","family":"Galus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3899-1260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Zawi\u015blak-Fornagiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Wyszomirska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4940-499X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oskar","family":"Bo\u017cek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7704-2901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ledwo\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1689-4347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Romaniszyn-Kania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1334-0236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Tuszy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0340-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Siuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7833-5845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrzej W.","family":"Mitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"403","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.5603\/pjnns.102356","article-title":"Disease-modifying therapy in multiple sclerosis: Recommendations of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology Section of Polish Neurological Society","volume":"58","author":"Kalinowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. 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