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Although its physiological relevance in peripheral tissues is well known, the role of MCD in the central nervous system remains poorly understood. MCD is expressed in mitochondria, cytosol, and peroxisomes and may be regulated by PPAR-\u03b1, AMPK, and SIRT4 in tissues such as muscle, liver and kidney. In the brain, MCD expression varies during development and can respond to nutritional states. Inherited MCD deficiency (malonic aciduria) leads to the toxic accumulation of malonic acid and predominantly affects the central nervous system. The underlying mechanisms leading to brain damage in MCD patients remain unclear. Conversely, pharmacological modulation of MCD activity has been studied in obesity, diabetes, and ischemic injury, highlighting its therapeutic potential. There are still major gaps regarding MCD cellular distribution, regulatory pathways, and metabolic interaction with CPT1c (carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1c) in neural metabolism. A deeper understanding of the role of MCD in brain physiology and pathology may indicate novel therapeutic strategies targeting metabolic disorders that involve altered malonyl-CoA dynamics. Here, we discuss the current knowns and unknowns regarding MCD physiology, regulation, and pathophysiology, emphasizing brain aspects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16020220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T09:48:34Z","timestamp":1770889714000},"page":"220","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Malonyl-CoA Decarboxylase: A Spotlight on Brain Aspects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0947-3413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique","family":"Fonseca-Teixeira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7463-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine Silva","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8782-4138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Beltrao-Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3329-9972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Klippel","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3148-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia Fernanda","family":"Schuck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2892-8842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo Costa","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Erros Inatos do Metabolismo, Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-599, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-023-01198-6","article-title":"Malonyl-CoA Is a Conserved Endogenous ATP-Competitive MTORC1 Inhibitor","volume":"25","author":"Nicastro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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