{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T06:02:01Z","timestamp":1785477721876,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]],"date-time":"2026-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2503801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2503801"]}]},{"name":"the National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFC2503803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2503803"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Science and Technology Natural Science Foundation","award":["25ZR1402042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25ZR1402042"]}]},{"name":"Shanghai Magnolia Talent Program Pujiang Project","award":["24PJD010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24PJD010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study explored the heterogeneous distribution pattern of translocator protein 18kDa (TSPO)-PET\/MRI using radioligand [18F] DPA-714 in temporal lobe epilepsy patients and identified clinical factors influencing imaging outcomes. Methods: The TSPO imaging in individual patient was evaluated with both visual reading and quantitative assessment using an asymmetry index based on cerebellum-normalized standardized uptake values. The association between clinical factors and TSPO imaging outcomes was assessed. Pathological evaluation was conducted in three patients. Results: Twenty-nine TLE patients and ten healthy controls were enrolled. Visual evaluation revealed increased [18F] DPA-714 uptake in twenty patients as compared to controls, predominantly in a unilateral regional brain, while the remaining nine patients showed visually undetectable uptake of [18F] DPA-714. Consistently, quantitative analysis revealed that 69% (20\/29) patients exhibited at least one brain area with significant asymmetry index, notably in the temporal lobe (85%, 17\/20). A high asymmetry index could also be observed in the parietal (13.8%, 4\/29) and occipital lobe (17.2%, 5\/29). Significant associations were identified between the asymmetry index and seizure frequency (p = 0.045, OR = 7.994), and the interval from last seizure to PET scan (p = 0.033, OR = 6.712). Moreover, we confirmed the pathology in three patients via immunohistochemistry, which underscored the potential of TSPO-PET in detecting minor lesion. Conclusions: TSPO-PET reveals patient-specific and network-level neuroinflammatory heterogeneity in MRI-negative TLE, supporting its potential role as a complementary tool for presurgical evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16020246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:00:52Z","timestamp":1771840852000},"page":"246","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Role of TSPO-PET Imaging Among MRI-Negative Patients with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: From the Perspective of Heterogeneity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yuncan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2445-4966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinyue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhao","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiqiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huamei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8856-7217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chuantao","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3001-7965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yihui","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjie","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 518 East Wuzhong Road, Shanghai 200235, China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China"},{"name":"National Center for Neurological Disorders, 12 Wulumuqi Zhong Road, Shanghai 200040, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32596-0","article-title":"Epilepsy in adults","volume":"393","author":"Thijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2016 Epilepsy Collaborators (2019). 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Dis."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/2\/246\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T10:19:14Z","timestamp":1771841954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/2\/246"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16020246"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16020246","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]}}}