{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:25:13Z","timestamp":1783297513919,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune neurological disease resulting from the interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. In recent decades, the rising incidence of MS, particularly pediatric-onset forms, has paralleled the global obesity pandemic. This article explores the causal link between pediatric obesity, systemic inflammation, and neuroinflammation, with a specific focus on the microbiota\u2013gut\u2013liver\u2013brain axis. We analyze how nutritional habits can play a pivotal role by inducing dysbiosis, with alteration in microbiota-driven metabolites, and leaky gut related abnormalities\u2014which may trigger blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) disruption and microglial activation\u2014or by acting as a protective factor, such as through the Mediterranean Diet (MD). Furthermore, we evaluate the emerging therapeutic perspectives offered by Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists, which may offer dual benefits in weight management and immune modulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16030283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:06:56Z","timestamp":1772460416000},"page":"283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Obesity, Nutrition and the Multiple Sclerosis Risk in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1811-0910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Giovengo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-2807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Chronic Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Santobono-Pausilipon Pediatric Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2425-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Mandato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Chronic Diseases, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Santobono-Pausilipon Pediatric Hospital, 80129 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)00397-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity, 1990\u20132021, with Forecasts to 2050: A Forecasting Study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"405","author":"Kerr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01473-3","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"403","author":"Jakimovski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"e2253","article-title":"Association of Body Mass Index in Adolescence and Young Adulthood and Long-Term Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Population-Based Study","volume":"97","author":"Meyer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-025-01727-3","article-title":"Pediatric Obesity and the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Nationwide Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"49","author":"Hagman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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