{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T17:12:35Z","timestamp":1773076355329,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cRicerca Corrente\u201d funding scheme of the Ministry of Health, Italy"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Diabetic neuropathy (DN), a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus, manifests as peripheral nerve dysfunction with symptoms such as fatigue. Although exercise effectively reduces fatigue in neuropathy patients, precise detection methods are crucial to elucidate the role of rehabilitation. Accordingly, this study aimed to evaluate fatigue in DN patients using a multimodal approach (clinical and instrumental) and to compare the efficacy of aerobic versus resistance training on fatigue parameters. Methods: Eligible DN inpatients admitted for rehabilitation at the Neuromotor Rehabilitation Unit of the IRCCS ICS Maugeri Institute of Montescano (PV) were enrolled. Inclusion criteria included age between 65 and 85 years and confirmation via the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (anamnestic section: \u22657; clinical section: \u22652.5). Patients with confounding orthopedic, neurologic, or unstable cardiopulmonary\/diabetic conditions were excluded. Overall, 36 participants were randomized into two groups: 17 underwent aerobic training (treadmill), while 19 received resistance training (elastic bands), both as supplements to a standard rehabilitation program. Assessments at baseline and post-training comprised clinical measures (Borg CR10 scale, Functional Independence Measure (FIM) total and subitems, Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), fasting blood glucose) and instrumental evaluations (sEMG of the tibialis anterior muscle to analyze conduction velocity intercept, slope, and changes). Results: All patients completed the protocol without dropout or adverse events. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements in FIM scores and post-exercise perceived exertion over time. Instrumental sEMG analysis confirmed a physiological fatigue trend manifested as conduction velocity reduction, yet revealed no significant differences between groups. Conclusions: Multimodal assessment provides an effective means to characterize fatigue in DN patients. Both aerobic and resistance modalities enhance functional independence and fatigue perception. Its early identification enables clinicians to tailor rehabilitation strategies to overcome exercise barriers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16030298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T10:16:12Z","timestamp":1773051372000},"page":"298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multimodal Rehabilitative Outcome Measures of Fatigue in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Cira","family":"Fundar\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiopathology Unit, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dibo Mesembe","family":"Mosah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiopathology Unit, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Plano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-0430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Maestri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Ghilotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Pavia Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Chimento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiopathology Unit, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3360-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Maffoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Panigazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational Physiatry and Ergonomics Unit, Montescano Insitute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Magistrali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Bruciamonti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Ravasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation, Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2015-133281","article-title":"Pathophysiology of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 90-year perspective","volume":"92","author":"Zaccardi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postgrad. 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