{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T22:01:05Z","timestamp":1789682465512,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Akdeniz University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["TSA-2024-6515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSA-2024-6515"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Celiac disease (CD) is a multisystem immune-mediated disorder increasingly recognized to affect sleep and neurobehavioral functioning. Pediatric data remain limited, and no prior study has examined especially for sleep microstructure in this population. This study evaluates the prevalence and patterns of sleep disturbances in children with CD using the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) and explores potential electrophysiological correlates through N2 sleep spindle analysis. Methods: Children with biopsy-confirmed CD (n = 31) and age-matched controls (n = 25) completed the SDSC. A subgroup of CD patients with SDSC \u2265 35 and healthy controls underwent quantitative sleep spindle analysis (C3, C4, O1, O2) using automated and visual verification methods combined. Results: Clinically significant sleep disturbances were substantially more prevalent in CD than in controls (77.4% vs. 12%). Excessive somnolence, sleep\u2013wake transition disorders, and sleep hyperhidrosis were the most affected domains. Moreover, among children with CD, those noncompliant with a gluten-free diet exhibited higher rates of excessive somnolence and sleep\u2013wake transition disorders. While spindle parameters did not differ between groups, higher SDSC scores (\u226535)\u2014particularly in the somnolence and sleep\u2013wake transition disorder domains\u2014are associated with reduced spindle amplitude and density, suggesting that spindle alterations are linked to sleep disturbance severity rather than disease status per se. Conclusions: Sleep disturbances are common in pediatric CD and worsen with poor dietary adherence. Although sleep microarchitecture is largely preserved, reduced spindle activity is evident in children with higher subjective sleep burden, suggesting that spindle metrics may serve as potential objective markers for sleep disturbance. Longitudinal studies are required for validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16030304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T09:23:03Z","timestamp":1773307383000},"page":"304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sleep\u00a0Disturbances and Non-REM Phase Alterations in Children with Celiac Disease: A Combined Questionnaire and EEG Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mehpare","family":"Sar\u0131 Yanarta\u015f","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8614-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurel","family":"\u0130nan Aydemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antalya City Hospital, 07070 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Furkan","family":"Donbalo\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1434-5192","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chakan","family":"Tsakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2112-8284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d6zlem","family":"Yay\u0131c\u0131 K\u00f6ken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1011-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bur\u00e7in","family":"\u015eanl\u0131da\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6123-1943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eenay","family":"T\u00fcre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Social Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7284-1173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boran","family":"\u015eekero\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of AI and Informatics, Near East University, 99138 Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aygen","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u015eenay","family":"Haspolat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Akdeniz University, 07100 Antalya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yerushalmy-Feler, A., Tauman, R., Derowe, A., Averbuch, E., Ben-Tov, A., Weintraub, Y., Weiner, D., Amir, A., Maoran-Lev, H., and Cohen, S. 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