{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:16:54Z","timestamp":1792012614234,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French Ministry of Labor, Employment, and Social Integration","award":["408.951.973"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["408.951.973"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sensorimotor differences have frequently been reported in children with developmental dyslexia, but are often considered secondary or comorbid to phonological deficits. Within an embodied cognition perspective, reading acquisition emerges from dynamic interactions between bodily regulation, multisensory integration, and learning-related neural plasticity. Proprioception contributes to spatial orientation, motor coordination, and perceptual stabilization, while sleep-dependent processes play a critical role in the consolidation and automatization of cognitive and motor skills. Objectives: Building on early clinical observations, including the hypothesis proposed by Martins da Cunha, this review explores whether variations in proprioceptive processing and sensorimotor regulation may influence multisensory stability and the conditions under which reading skills develop in some individuals with dyslexia. Methods: This narrative synthesis integrates clinical observations and experimental paradigms examining proprioceptive function in children with dyslexia, including studies conducted in our laboratory over the past two decades. These investigations address postural regulation under varying attentional demands, laboratory measures of proprioceptive acuity, visuospatial localization tasks, multisensory interactions, and exploratory observations concerning sleep\u2013wake regulation. Results: Across studies, children with dyslexia often show differences in proprioceptive processing associated with variations in postural regulation, visuospatial stability, and multisensory tasks. Laboratory measurements suggest reduced proprioceptive acuity in some individuals, with moderate correlations observed between proprioceptive sensitivity and reading-related measures. Additional observations suggest that nocturnal physiological regulation\u2014including respiratory dynamics and sleep architecture\u2014may interact with daytime sensorimotor stability and attentional functioning. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings support the hypothesis that variations in sensorimotor regulation across the sleep\u2013wake cycle may influence the stability of multisensory processing and attentional conditions relevant for reading acquisition. Within this perspective, proprioception is not proposed as an alternative explanation for dyslexia but as a complementary dimension that may contribute to the heterogeneity of dyslexic profiles. Further longitudinal and controlled studies are required to clarify the relationships between sensorimotor regulation, sleep-dependent plasticity, and learning processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16040346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1774357139000},"page":"346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Proprioception and Sensorimotor Regulation Across the Day\u2013Night Cycle in Developmental Dyslexia: Toward an Embodied Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8151-7076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Quercia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Universit\u00e9 Bourgogne Franche-Comt\u00e9, F-21000 Dijon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032814-112842","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"11","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. 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