{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:10:05Z","timestamp":1775135405308,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775088000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Tobacco use is a leading cause of preventable death worldwide and is linked to major health and economic burden. Many smokers attempt to quit, yet long-term success rates with current medicines and counseling are still modest. Long-term nicotine exposure distorts brain systems involved in reward, craving, and self-control. These changes weaken inhibitory control and strengthen responses to smoking cues, which increases the risk of relapse. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that delivers magnetic pulses to specific cortical regions, most commonly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, to influence neural activity. This narrative review explored how transcranial magnetic stimulation may aid smoking cessation by acting on neural circuits linked to nicotine dependence. Methods: Five major databases were searched for studies published between 2015 and 2026. After removal of duplicates and screening, a total of 34 studies were included in this narrative synthesis. Randomized controlled trials, clinical studies, and neuroimaging investigations involving adults with nicotine dependence were included. A thematic narrative method was employed to synthesize findings due to the differences in study designs, protocols, and outcome measures. Results: TMS has been shown to attenuate cravings, decrease daily cigarette consumption, and decrease nicotine dependence in various studies. Several trials reported higher abstinence rates with active stimulation compared with sham treatment. Meta-analytic findings indicate stronger effects with 10 Hz stimulation and treatment courses of 20 sessions or more. Neuroimaging studies report changes in functional connectivity within reward, executive control, and salience networks, suggesting partial restoration of disrupted circuits. Treatment response varies according to age, educational level, baseline dependence, and stimulation parameters. Conclusions: These findings support transcranial magnetic stimulation as a promising brain-based approach for smoking cessation, while further well-designed trials with longer follow-up are still needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16040392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T11:51:03Z","timestamp":1775130663000},"page":"392","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Smoking Cessation: A Narrative Review of Neurobiological Mechanisms from Craving Modulation to Neural Circuit Restoration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6392-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan-Alexandru","family":"Constantin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Denisa Bianca","family":"Cristina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3062-8176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florin Gabriel","family":"Lea\u0219u","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7964-4582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrada-Georgiana","family":"Nacu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9551-9910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana Marcela","family":"Rogozea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). 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