{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T09:17:35Z","timestamp":1775553455491,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated neural oscillatory dynamics underlying visual word recognition in university students with dyslexia using a portable brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) EEG system. The sample included university students with dyslexia (N = 12) and matched controls (N = 14) who completed auditory discrimination and visual word recognition tasks, with and without musical accompaniment. Through these experimental conditions, the researchers assessed (a) the cortical activation across frequency bands, (b) the modulatory effect of background music, and (c) the relationship between emotional states and brain activity. Results revealed significant group differences in oscillatory patterns, with reduced \u03b2- and \u03b3-band activity in the left occipito-temporal cortex among participants with dyslexia, confirming disrupted temporal coordination in posterior reading networks. Compensatory right-hemisphere activation was observed, particularly under musical conditions, accompanied by increased \u03b1-band power and reduced \u03b4 activity, indicating enhanced attentional engagement and reduced cognitive fatigue. Emotional assessment using the DASS-21 revealed higher stress and anxiety scores in the dyslexic group, suggesting that affective factors may modulate oscillatory dynamics. The presence of background music appeared to attenuate these effects, supporting improved emotional regulation and cognitive focus. These findings demonstrate that dyslexia reflects a distributed disruption in neural synchrony and cross-frequency coupling, influenced by both cognitive and affective mechanisms. The integration of portable EEG technology with rhythmic auditory stimulation offers new insights into the neurophysiological and emotional aspects of dyslexia, highlighting the potential of rhythm- and music-based approaches for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16040396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T08:09:00Z","timestamp":1775549340000},"page":"396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Use of EEG in the Study of Emotional States and Visual Word Recognition with or Without Musical Stimulus in University Students with Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Pavlos","family":"Christodoulides","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of New Approaches in Communication Disorders, Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Peschos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5464-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Zakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of New Approaches in Communication Disorders, Department of Speech and Language Therapy, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45500 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60198-6","article-title":"Developmental dyslexia","volume":"379","author":"Peterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snowling, M.J. 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