{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:02:48Z","timestamp":1785420168517,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000245","name":"Michael Smith Health Research BC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000245","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020x39229","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a pervasive medical concern affecting millions of people worldwide, with the majority being women. IPV is linked to a number of long-term physical and mental health consequences, including brain injuries and associated persistent post-concussion symptoms (PPCS) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite the high prevalence of these conditions, there is sparse literature assessing accessible and effective therapeutic avenues specific to IPV victim-survivors. Methods: This narrative review had two aims: to identify therapeutic studies addressing PTSD and PPCS in women IPV survivors, and to provide a narrative overview of potential therapeutic categories, including psychotherapy, mindfulness and meditation, exercise, and pharmacotherapy. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. Inclusion criteria required full-text, peer-reviewed articles published in English, conducted in women with a history of IPV, reporting treatment outcomes related to PTSD or PPCS. Where no IPV-specific evidence was identified, findings from closely related populations including military veterans, athletes, and general TBI samples were narratively reviewed to inform potential therapeutic implications. Results: Nineteen studies addressing PTSD in women IPV survivors were identified, predominantly utilizing psychotherapeutic or mindfulness and meditation-based interventions. No intervention studies targeting PPCS specifically in IPV survivors were identified. Consequently, results for PPCS are largely extrapolated from adjacent populations. Although potential therapeutic avenues were narratively identified across psychotherapy, mindfulness and meditation, exercise, and pharmacotherapy, IPV-specific evidence remains limited, and validation for PTSD and PPCS in this population is needed before clinical recommendations can be made. Conclusions: While 19 studies identified promising therapeutic options for IPV-related PTSD, no IPV-specific PPCS interventions were identified, and implications for PPCS management remain largely inferential. Validation and integrated trauma-informed approaches addressing the intersection of PTSD and PPCS are needed for this understudied population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16040398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T15:26:39Z","timestamp":1775661999000},"page":"398","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Existing and Potential Therapies for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Persistent Post-Concussion Symptoms in Intimate Partner Violence: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1637-6630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Copas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7634-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail D.","family":"Astridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer","family":"Makovec Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart J.","family":"McDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2525-8775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandy R.","family":"Shultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Trauma and Mental Health Research, Health Sciences and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Building 491, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Aging and Lifelong Health, Faculty of Health, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8N 5M8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0854-7994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia F.","family":"Symons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Trauma and Mental Health Research, Health Sciences and Human Services, Vancouver Island University, Building 491, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2012). 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