{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T10:06:37Z","timestamp":1775815597900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Several studies have reported cognitive decline and alterations in neural substrates among non-cognitively impaired direct descendants of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Visuospatial incidental memory declines early in adulthood and may serve as a sensitive tool to detect preclinical deterioration in this vulnerable population. To test this, we characterized the incidental\/intentional visuospatial memory of cognitively healthy middle-aged (35\u201355) descendants of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients. Methods: Male and female first-degree descendants of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease (n = 55, group DAD) and participants without familial ancestry of the disease (n = 55, group NoDAD) were included. Incidental\/intentional visuospatial memory was assessed, and the number of correct object\u2013position associations was recorded to classify the participants by accuracy under incidental (4\u20138, high accuracy) and intentional (6\u20138, high accuracy) coding conditions. Comparisons with regard to between-group scores and frequency distribution were conducted. A mixed-model design analysis was employed to assess the impacts of the variables on accuracy. Results: DAD participants made fewer correct object\u2013position associations than NoDAD under both incidental and intentional coding conditions. In addition, the percentage of NoDAD participants with a high accuracy in both incidental and intentional coding was higher (56.36%) than that for DAD participants (21.81%). A high percentage (36.364%) of DAD participants likewise showed a lower accuracy under both incidental and intentional coding conditions when compared to the NoDAD group (16.364%). Additionally, a marginally significant negative correlation between the number of correct object\u2013position associations and age was found in DAD participants (r = \u22120.234, p = 0.054). Conclusions: The present results indicate an impairment in visuospatial incidental\/intentional performance related to the familial history of AD, which was seen earlier (35\u201355 years old, mean age 43.12) in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16040406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:08:12Z","timestamp":1775812092000},"page":"406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deficient Visuospatial Incidental and Intentional Memory in Cognitively Healthy Middle-Aged First-Degree Descendants of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Claudia Guadalupe","family":"\u00c1lvarez-Huante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital General de Zona No. 1, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Bosques de los Olivos No. 101, Colonia La Goleta, Municipio de Charo C.P. 61303, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Rinc\u00f3n-Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Medicina Familiar 84, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Hacienda De Chapultepec 395 Morelia, Col. Hacienda Real De La Mina,  Morelia C.P. 58332, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edgar Josu\u00e9","family":"Palomares-Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Medicina Familiar 84, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Avenida Hacienda De Chapultepec 395 Morelia, Col. Hacienda Real De La Mina,  Morelia C.P. 58332, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0945-2076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana del Carmen","family":"T\u00e9llez-Anguiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigaci\u00f3n, Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de M\u00e9xico, Avenida Tecnol\u00f3gico 1500, Morelia C.P. 58120, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5042-4683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Lizeth","family":"Junco-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Experimental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Michoac\u00e1n, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Camino de la arboleda 300, exhacienda de San Jos\u00e9 de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58341, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicol\u00e1s de Hidalgo, calle Francisco Villa 450, Colonia Dr. Miguel Silva, Morelia C.P. 58110, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"L\u00f3pez-V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neuroplasticidad, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Michoac\u00e1n, Camino de la arboleda 300, exhacienda de san Jos\u00e9 de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58341, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4478-7661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Esther","family":"Olvera-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Neurofisiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica y Experimental, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Michoac\u00e1n, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Camino de la arboleda 300, exhacienda de San Jos\u00e9 de la Huerta, Morelia C.P. 58341, Michoac\u00e1n, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"The organization and neural substrates of human memory","volume":"21-22","author":"Squire","year":"1987","journal-title":"Int. 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