{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:37:10Z","timestamp":1785418630010,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Grant#100014_182381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant#100014_182381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Grant#100014_182381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant#100014_182381"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00yjd3n13","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023555","name":"NCCR Evolving Language","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Agreement#51NF40_180888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agreement#51NF40_180888"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023555","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["Agreement#51NF40_180888"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Agreement#51NF40_180888"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ghka958","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dyslexia is a reading disorder that is associated with phonological processing and awareness difficulties. However, little is known about phonetic production in dyslexia. Whereas individual differences in speech sound perception were linked to native and foreign speech sound production in typical readers, this remains to be explored in dyslexia. Given the phonetic processing deficits frequently encountered in dyslexia, we aimed to pinpoint potential differences in the acoustic realization of native phonemic production in adults with dyslexia. Methods: Ten adults with dyslexia and ten age-matched typical readers produced 24 native-language minimal voiced\u2013voiceless word pairs across three places of articulation (labial, dental, velar) in a reading task. Acoustic analyses addressed phonemic category size, between-category distance, and voice onset time (VOT). Pseudoword reading performance served as an index of phonological decoding ability. Results: For category size, we observed a trend-level group-by-type interaction (p = 0.059, \u03b72 = 0.04): both groups showed larger category sizes for voiced than voiceless consonants, but this difference was numerically larger in typical readers. Between-category distance showed a marginal group effect (p = 0.089, \u03b72 = 0.14), with larger differences between categories in dyslexia. VOT showed the expected effect of voicing, but no group differences. Conclusions: Our results indicate broadly preserved speech production in dyslexia, alongside subtle differences in category separation and size in dyslexia, marked by considerable inter-individual variability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T08:08:02Z","timestamp":1777018082000},"page":"448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Speech Sound Production in Adults with Dyslexia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9379-8183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabrina","family":"Turker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Language Lab, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Research Group Cognition & Plasticity, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4650-5832","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Kartushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics and Scandinavian Studies, University of Oslo, NO-0317 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7388-4714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Narly","family":"Golestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Language Lab, Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wocn.2023.101254","article-title":"Advancement of Phonetics in the 21st Century: Exemplar Models of Speech Production","volume":"99","author":"Goldrick","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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