{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:24:12Z","timestamp":1777983852436,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Behavioural therapy (BT), including Comprehensive Behavioural Intervention for Tics (CBIT), is an evidence-based first-line treatment for patients with tic disorders. However, access remains limited due to a shortage of trained providers, geographical barriers, costs, and high treatment burden for patients and families. Rapid advances in digital health technologies including telemedicine, web-based treatment platforms, and mobile applications offer new opportunities to expand access to BT for individuals with tic disorders across the lifespan. Methods: For the purpose of this narrative review, we conducted a literature search in PubMed, Europe PMC, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant studies investigating the effectiveness of digital health treatment approaches in tic disorders. Results: A total of 16 original studies were included. Although the available evidence remains limited and heterogeneous, existing studies suggest that emerging technologies for delivering behavioural interventions for tic disorders, including telehealth-based CBIT, digital therapy platforms, and app-supported habit reversal training (HRT), are feasible, cost-effective, user-friendly, flexible, and safe. These approaches also appear effective for symptom monitoring and personalized treatment support in both pediatric and adult populations. Conclusions: Recent technological advances have the potential to reduce the treatment gap in tic disorders, provided that these approaches are implemented within rigorous, evidence-based, and ethically grounded frameworks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T11:40:12Z","timestamp":1777981212000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Digital-Supported Delivery of Behavioural Therapy for Patients with Tic Disorders: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6972-9504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamila","family":"Saramak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9489-402X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Dunalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9167-1624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"\u015ami\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, 5th Regional Hospital in Sosnowiec, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3584-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wiktor","family":"\u015aliwi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Independent Public Healthcare Institution of the Ministry of the Interior and Administration, 90-521 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9411-1673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Abusrair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Qatif Health Network, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Glu\u0161\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Neurology Clinic, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4004-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Schmitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7181-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirsten R.","family":"M\u00fcller-Vahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6160-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Szejko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Health Sociology, Education and Medical Communication Institute of Mother and Child, 01-211 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2012.09.009","article-title":"Effects of tic suppression: Ability to suppress, rebound, negative reinforcement, and habituation to the premonitory urge","volume":"51","author":"Specht","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav. 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