{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:53:45Z","timestamp":1777949625523,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Preservation of critical white matter (WM) pathways is essential for maximizing surgical safety in neuro-oncology and functional neurosurgery. Constrained spherical deconvolution (CSD) offers superior modeling of complex fiber architecture compared to diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). This case series evaluates the clinical utility of CSD in surgical planning and intraoperative navigation. Methods: A retrospective review of 20 patients (15 brain tumors, 5 functional disorders) treated between September 2022, and September 2024 was performed. All patients underwent preoperative MRI with CSD-based reconstruction of eloquent WM tracts. Clinical presentation, tract involvement, surgical strategy, and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. Results: CSD reliably reconstructed CST, AF, IFOF, OT, and DRTT depending on tumor location or DBS target. Compared with standard DTI, CSD provided improved delineation of tract extent and tumor\u2013tract interfaces. Gross total resection (GTR) was achieved in all tumor patients without new neurological deficits. DBS cases showed precise correlation between stimulation thresholds, side effects, and CSD-predicted distances to critical WM tracts. DRTT targeting resulted in marked clinical improvement in Holmes tremor. Conclusions: CSD enhances anatomical accuracy in WM tract visualization, supporting safer resections in eloquent areas and improving DBS targeting. Its integration into routine workflow may optimize neurosurgical outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T02:06:21Z","timestamp":1777860381000},"page":"501","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Constrained Spherical Deconvolution White Matter Tractography in Neuro-Oncology and Deep Brain Stimulation: An Illustrative Case Series"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Francesca Romana","family":"Barbieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Sant\u2019Andrea, 00189 Roma, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-3666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Marano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, RM, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Viale Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniele","family":"Marruzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Santa Rosa, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Ospedale Santa Rosa, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brunetto","family":"De Sanctis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, ASL Viterbo, 01100 Vitebro, VT, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro Riario","family":"Sforza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Ospedale Santa Rosa, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Paracino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 06129 Perugia, PG, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Toro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology, Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, RM, Italy"},{"name":"Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Viale Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Pagano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Santa Rosa, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, 06129 Perugia, PG, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Noya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini, 00100 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-3171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Luglietto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini, 00100 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4970-2065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo Antonio","family":"Ricciuti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo Forlanini, 00100 Rome, RM, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-014-0578-y","article-title":"Resection of Supratentorial Gliomas: The Need to Merge Microsurgical Technical Cornerstones with Modern Functional Mapping Concepts","volume":"38","author":"Spena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurosurg. 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