{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:12:52Z","timestamp":1779207172324,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778976000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"2022 Major Project of Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22JJD190012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22JJD190012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Proficient second language (L2) reading relies on complex neurocognitive processes. Neuroimaging studies have identified key brain regions recruited during L2 reading, including the left inferior parietal lobule (LIPL) and the calcarine cortex (CAL). The LIPL has been suggested to be involved in phonological decoding during L2 reading, whereas the CAL has been implicated in early-stage visual processing. However, given the correlational nature of neuroimaging techniques, it remains unclear whether these regions play causal roles in L2 reading or are merely epiphenomenal. Methods: To address this issue, the present study used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to modulate neural activity in these regions and eye-tracking technology to assess subsequent reading performance in Chinese\u2013English bilinguals. Specifically, ninety-seven participants were randomly assigned to one of three offline TMS conditions: LIPL, CAL or vertex (as a control site) stimulation, after which they performed a natural sentence reading task in English. Results: The results showed that, compared to the control condition, TMS over the LIPL significantly reduced first fixation duration, whereas no significant effects emerged on gaze duration, regression path reading time, or total reading time. TMS over the CAL produced no significant effects on any eye-movement measures. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the LIPL plays a causal role in L2 reading for early-stage lexical processing through phonological decoding. Overall, this study is the first to employ TMS and eye-tracking to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying natural L2 reading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:17:23Z","timestamp":1779203843000},"page":"530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation over the Left Inferior Parietal Lobule Facilitates Early-Stage Processing During Natural Chinese\u2013English Bilingual Reading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3509-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junjie","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Student Mental Health and Intelligence Assessment, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Department of Linguistics, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruoling","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Student Mental Health and Intelligence Assessment, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0612-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pingping","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Student Mental Health and Intelligence Assessment, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoli","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China"},{"name":"Tianjin Key Laboratory of Student Mental Health and Intelligence Assessment, Tianjin 300387, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chanyuan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luyao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Language Science and Technology, Faculty of Humanities, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China"},{"name":"Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"},{"name":"Max Planck Partner Group, School of International Chinese Language Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-013-0565-2","article-title":"Working Memory and Second Language Comprehension and Production: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Linck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cop, U., Drieghe, D., and Duyck, W. (2015). Eye Movement Patterns in Natural Reading: A Comparison of Monolingual and Bilingual Reading of a Novel. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134008"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0272263121000954","article-title":"Text Reading in English as a Second Language: Evidence from the Multilingual Eye-Movements Corpus","volume":"45","author":"Kuperman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stud. Second Lang. Acquis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.04.062","article-title":"A Review and Synthesis of the First 20 years of PET and fMRI Studies of Heard Speech, Spoken Language and Reading","volume":"62","author":"Price","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.06.047","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of fMRI Studies on Chinese Orthographic, Phonological, and Semantic Processing","volume":"63","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2020.104893","article-title":"Individual Differences in First-Pass Fixation Duration in Reading Are Related to Resting-State Functional Connectivity","volume":"213","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2880","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00668","article-title":"Morphology of Primary Visual Cortex Predicts Individual Differences in Fixation Duration during Text Reading","volume":"26","author":"Henderson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1017\/S136672892000070X","article-title":"Reading across Writing Systems: A Meta-Analysis of the Neural Correlates for First and Second Language Reading","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bilingualism"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.119989","article-title":"Functional Preference of the Left Inferior Parietal Lobule to Second Language Reading","volume":"270","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372","article-title":"Eye Movements in Reading and Information Processing: 20 Years of Research","volume":"124","author":"Rayner","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-1523.34.5.1277","article-title":"Reading Spaced and Unspaced Chinese Text: Evidence from Eye Movements","volume":"34","author":"Bai","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461","article-title":"The 35th Sir Frederick Bartlett Lecture: Eye Movements and Attention in Reading, Scene Perception, and Visual Search","volume":"62","author":"Rayner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2013.03.001","article-title":"Using E-Z Reader to Examine the Concurrent Development of Eye-Movement Control and Reading Skill","volume":"33","author":"Reichle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1042.2013.00589","article-title":"Review of Eye-movement Measures in Reading Research","volume":"21","author":"Yan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.16910\/jemr.13.4.4","article-title":"The Information Gathering Framework\u2014A Cognitive Model of Regressive Eye Movements during Reading","volume":"13","author":"Weiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eye Mov. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13379","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13379","article-title":"Universality and Language Specificity of Brain Reading Networks: A Developmental Perspective","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100434","article-title":"Learning to See Words","volume":"63","author":"Wandell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wu, J., Xin, P., Pu, X., Yan, G., Gu, C., and Li, H. (J. Psycholinguist. Res., 2026). Proficient Foreign Language Learners Resemble the Natives, Less Proficient Learner Struggles in Their Own Distinct Way: Evidence from Aligned Eye-Tracking and fMRI, J. Psycholinguist. Res., in preparation."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.19-08-03050.1999","article-title":"Mandarin and English Single Word Processing Studied with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging","volume":"19","author":"Chee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comstock, L., and Oliver, B. (2021). A Meta-Analysis of Task-Based Differences in Bilingual L1 and L2 Language Networks. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.12.28.474335"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20134","article-title":"Neuroanatomical Correlates of Phonological Processing of Chinese Characters and Alphabetic Words: A Meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Tan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.04.003","article-title":"How Does First Language (L1) Influence Second Language (L2) Reading in the Brain? Evidence from Korean-English and Chinese-English Bilinguals","volume":"171","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhl003","article-title":"Anatomical Correlates of Foreign Speech Sound Production","volume":"17","author":"Golestani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2016.10.003","article-title":"The Role of the Left Inferior Parietal Lobule in Second Language Learning: An Intensive Language Training fMRI Study","volume":"98","author":"Barbeau","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02896516","article-title":"\u00dcber Die Parietal Bedingte Aphasie Und Ihren Einfluss Auf Das Sprechen Mehrer Sprachen","volume":"96","year":"1925","journal-title":"Z. Gesamte Neurol. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1038\/431757a","article-title":"Structural Plasticity in the Bilingual Brain","volume":"431","author":"Mechelli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-022-09534-7","article-title":"The Impact of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Reading Processes: A Systematic Review","volume":"33","author":"Arrington","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01698","article-title":"The Left Angular Gyrus Is Causally Involved in Context-Dependent Integration and Associative Encoding during Narrative Reading","volume":"33","author":"Branzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.01.005","article-title":"Verb and Sentence Processing with TMS: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"162","author":"Ntemou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, X., Wang, Z., Cheng, Y., Xue, Q., Li, Z., Li, L., Feng, L., Hartwigsen, G., and Chen, L. (2022). Neuromodulatory Effects of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Language Performance in Healthy Participants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1027446"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2023.120373","article-title":"Adaptive Short-Term Plasticity in the Typical Reading Network","volume":"281","author":"Turker","year":"2023","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_00430","article-title":"Stimulating the Brain\u2019s Language Network: Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution after TMS to the Inferior Frontal Gyrus and Middle Temporal Gyrus","volume":"25","author":"Acheson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Terranova, C., Rizzo, V., Cacciola, A., Chillemi, G., Calamuneri, A., Milardi, D., and Quartarone, A. (2019). Is There a Future for Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation as a Therapeutic Tool?. Front. Neurol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.01146"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrington, R.M., Krishnamurthy, L.C., Ossowski, A., Jeter, M., Davis, A., Bledniak, E., Ware, A.L., Morris, R., and Arrington, C.N. (2023). Preliminary Evidence of Prolonged Timing Effects of Theta-Burst Stimulation in the Reading System. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1227194"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.08.016","article-title":"Safety, Ethical Considerations, and Application Guidelines for the Use of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Clinical Practice and Research","volume":"120","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2020.10.003","article-title":"Safety and Recommendations for TMS Use in Healthy Subjects and Patient Populations, with Updates on Training, Ethical and Regulatory Issues: Expert Guidelines","volume":"132","author":"Rossi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsuta, H., Shimomura, T., Kouchiyama, T., and Fujiki, M. (2022). Continuous Theta-Burst Stimulation to the Sensorimotor Cortex Affects Contralateral Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Level and Resting-State Networks. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0272268"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.91060.2008","article-title":"Neurochemical Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","volume":"101","author":"Stagg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2007.01.021","article-title":"The After-Effect of Human Theta Burst Stimulation Is NMDA Receptor Dependent","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2024.105963","article-title":"Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus Impairs Bilinguals\u2019 Performance in Language-Switching Tasks","volume":"254","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.09.008","article-title":"Vertex Stimulation as a Control Site for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Concurrent TMS\/fMRI Study","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-017-9781-x","article-title":"What Predicts Adult Readers\u2019 Understanding of STEM Texts?","volume":"31","author":"Follmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Read. Writ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01842-3","article-title":"From Eye Movements to Scanpath Networks: A Method for Studying Individual Differences in Expository Text Reading","volume":"55","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.12.033","article-title":"Theta Burst Stimulation of the Human Motor Cortex","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2010.09.008","article-title":"Impact of Repetitive Theta Burst Stimulation on Motor Cortex Excitability","volume":"4","author":"Gamboa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2961","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.05154.x","article-title":"Extending Lifetime of Plastic Changes in the Human Brain","volume":"24","author":"Nyffeler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2024.09.004","article-title":"Strategies to Mitigate Scalp Discomfort during Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Lissemore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145707007717","article-title":"A Review of the Safety of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation as a Clinical Treatment for Depression","volume":"11","author":"Loo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2013.04.009","article-title":"The Painfulness of Active, but Not Sham, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Decreases Rapidly Over Time: Results From the Double-Blind Phase of the OPT-TMS Trial","volume":"6","author":"Borckardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03200935","article-title":"Compound Word Effects Differ in Reading, on-Line Naming, and Delayed Naming Tasks","volume":"24","author":"Inhoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mem. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2018.1527376","article-title":"Word Frequency Effects in Naturalistic Reading","volume":"35","author":"Desai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lang. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10401","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad290","article-title":"Fixation-Related fMRI Analysis Reveals the Neural Basis of Natural Reading of Unspaced and Spaced Chinese Sentences","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117687","article-title":"Cloze Enough? Hemodynamic Effects of Predictive Processing during Natural Reading","volume":"228","author":"Schuster","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using Lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Soft."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"R Core Team (2024). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Sliwinska, M.W. (2015). The Role of the Left Inferior Parietal Lobule in Reading. [Ph.D. Thesis, University College London]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.07.017","article-title":"High Frequency rTMS over the Left Parietal Lobule Increases Non-Word Reading Accuracy","volume":"50","author":"Costanzo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs048","article-title":"Organization of the Human Inferior Parietal Lobule Based on Receptor Architectonics","volume":"23","author":"Caspers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.20.5.529","article-title":"The Role of Inferior Parietal and Inferior Frontal Cortex in Working Memory","volume":"20","author":"Baldo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e63591","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.63591","article-title":"Functional Specialization within the Inferior Parietal Lobes across Cognitive Domains","volume":"10","author":"Numssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs147","article-title":"The Role of Interneuron Networks in Driving Human Motor Cortical Plasticity","volume":"23","author":"Hamada","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2013.07.004","article-title":"Reproducibility of the Effects of Theta Burst Stimulation on Motor Cortical Plasticity in Healthy Participants","volume":"125","author":"Vernet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.12.034","article-title":"Low-Intensity, Short-Interval Theta Burst Stimulation Modulates Excitatory but Not Inhibitory Motor Networks","volume":"122","author":"Doeltgen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hagoort, P. (2013). MUC (Memory, Unification, Control) and Beyond. Front. Psychol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2013.00416"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroling.2020.100977","article-title":"The Role of a Critical Left Fronto-Temporal Network with Its Right-Hemispheric Homologue in Syntactic Learning Based on Word Category Information","volume":"58","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurolinguist."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1017\/S1366728922000815","article-title":"Second Language Acquisition of Grammatical Rules: The Effects of Learning Condition, Rule Difficulty, and Executive Function","volume":"26","author":"Rivera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bilingualism"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2008.12.004","article-title":"Supramarginal Gyrus Involvement in Visual Word Recognition","volume":"45","author":"Stoeckel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1017\/S1138741600005849","article-title":"Eye Movements and Processing Stages in Reading: Relative Contribution of Visual, Lexical, and Contextual Factors","volume":"5","author":"Calvo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Span. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sliwinska, M.W., Khadilkar, M., Campbell-Ratcliffe, J., Quevenco, F., and Devlin, J.T. (2012). Early and Sustained Supramarginal Gyrus Contributions to Phonological Processing. Front. Psychol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00161"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Fazio, C., Scaliti, E., Stanziano, M., Nigri, A., Demichelis, G., Tamietto, M., and Palermo, S. (2026). Exploring Cortical Excitability Modulation to Promote Cognitive Resilience in Aging: An rTMS Study Protocol. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 20.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1743236"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Fazio, C., and Palermo, S. (2026). A Prefrontal Neuromodulation Route for Post-Traumatic Olfactory Dysfunction: A Perspective Supported by Recovery During Left-DLPFC rTMS. Brain Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16010099"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200009280-00044","article-title":"Magnetically Induced Phosphenes in Sighted, Blind and Blindsighted Observers","volume":"11","author":"Cowey","year":"2000","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2012.02.005","article-title":"Electric Field Depth\u2013Focality Tradeoff in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: Simulation Comparison of 50 Coil Designs","volume":"6","author":"Deng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"235","article-title":"Lateral Prefrontal Stimulation of Active Cortex with Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Affects Subsequent Engagement of the Frontoparietal Network","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/5\/530\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T15:34:18Z","timestamp":1779204858000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/5\/530"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16050530"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16050530","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]]}}}