{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:09:24Z","timestamp":1785424164847,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DFG-SCHE 735\/3-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/018mejw64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001655","name":"German Academic Exchange Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RISE 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RISE 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RISE 2023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RISE 2023"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/039djdh30","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04pz7b180","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Free State of Bavaria"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The main aim of this article is to introduce a novel tool that allows the automatic scoring of many of the subtests from the conventional subpart of the Behavioural Inattention Test (BIT) and its German adaptation, the Neglect Test (NET). BIT and NET are standard test batteries used in the diagnosis of neglect. Our article has two parts. First, we examine the shortcomings of manual scoring, and secondly, we introduce our computer vision tool and evaluate its diagnostic validity and efficacy. Methods: In Part 1, diagnostic consistency was examined across raters with varying expertise using selected BIT and NET tasks, with repeated assessments conducted under controlled evaluation conditions. In Part 2, a computer vision-based tool (CANDO) was developed to automate scoring using a deterministic computer vision pipeline designed to reproducibly apply scoring criteria across tasks. The performance of CANDO was compared with ground truth across cancellation, line bisection, and copying tasks. Results: Manual scoring showed high overall agreement between and within raters under ideal conditions. However, diagnostic classification still differed across raters and repeated assessments. These inconsistencies were primarily driven by drawing and copying tasks. CANDO achieved very high accuracy for cancellation and line bisection tasks and strong agreement for copying tasks, while reducing variability associated with subjective judgment, time pressure, and oversight. The remaining discrepancies between computer vision and human raters had limited impact on diagnostic outcomes. Conclusions: Manual assessment of unilateral neglect is vulnerable to inconsistencies arising from subjective evaluation and the structural limitations of scoring systems. Computer vision-based automation can reduce diagnostic variability, improve reproducibility, and increase assessment efficiency, while preserving clinically relevant information. The presented framework provides a practical tool to support higher-quality neglect assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16050541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:02:27Z","timestamp":1779375747000},"page":"541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Paper to Pixels: Enhancing Unilateral Neglect Assessment Using the New Computer Vision-Based Tool CANDO"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6032-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"Beckmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7976-7997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rylan","family":"Donohoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80802 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9460-4344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Doris","family":"Schmid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ines C.","family":"Kiphuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Neurologie, Klinikum am Europakanal, 91056 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6986-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Schenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80802 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.09.004","article-title":"Revisiting Unilateral Neglect","volume":"44","author":"Danckert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2020.10.010","article-title":"Prevalence of Spatial Neglect Post-Stroke: A Systematic Review","volume":"64","author":"Esposito","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.03.019","article-title":"Impact of Spatial Neglect on Stroke Rehabilitation: Evidence From the Setting of an Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility","volume":"96","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315604397","article-title":"Spatial Neglect Hinders Success of Inpatient Rehabilitation in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215508098894","article-title":"Risk Factors for Falls in Stroke Patients during Inpatient Rehabilitation","volume":"23","author":"Czernuszenko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl.10.79","article-title":"Recent Trends in Rehabilitation Interventions for Visual Neglect and Anosognosia for Hemiplegia Following Right Hemisphere Stroke","volume":"6","author":"Kortte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034279","article-title":"Long-Term Impact of Urgent Secondary Prevention after Transient Ischemic Attack and Minor Stroke: Ten-Year Follow-Up of the EXPRESS Study","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2775","article-title":"Impact of Rehabilitation Start Time on Functional Outcomes after Stroke","volume":"53","author":"Otokita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001098","article-title":"Does Time Pressure Have a Negative Effect on Diagnostic Accuracy?","volume":"91","author":"Alqahtani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000001421","article-title":"The Causes of Errors in Clinical Reasoning: Cognitive Biases, Knowledge Deficits, and Dual Process Thinking","volume":"92","author":"Norman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acad. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Wilson, B., Cockburn, J., and Halligan, P. (1987). Behavioural Inattention Test Manual, Thames Valley Test Company."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1423647","article-title":"Spanish Transcultural Adaptation and Validity of the Behavioral Inattention Test","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup. Ther. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fels, M., and Geissner, E. (1997). Neglect-Test:(NET); Ein Verfahren Zur Erfassung Visueller Neglectph\u00e4nomene; Deutsche \u00dcberarbeitete Adaptation Des Behavioural Inattention Test (Wilson, Cockburn & Halligan 1987); Handanweisung. 2., korr. Aufl., Hogrefe, Verl. f\u00fcr Psychologie."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ishiai, S. (1999). Behavoural Inattention Test. Japanese Edition, Shinkoh Igaku Shuppan Company Limited."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.04.018","article-title":"A Simple Measure of Neglect Severity","volume":"48","author":"Rorden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2015.00226","article-title":"Assessment and Rehabilitation of Neglect Using Virtual Reality: A Systematic Review","volume":"9","author":"Pedroli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.912626","article-title":"Computer-Based Assessment of Unilateral Spatial Neglect: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Giannakou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-023-09586-3","article-title":"The Neuropsychological Assessment of Unilateral Spatial Neglect Through Computerized and Virtual Reality Tools: A Scoping Review","volume":"34","author":"Terruzzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-014-0448-0","article-title":"Capturing Peripersonal Spatial Neglect: An Electronic Method to Quantify Visuospatial Processes","volume":"47","author":"Vaes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.4338\/ACI-2015-01-RA-0002","article-title":"Feasibility of a Semi-Computerized Line Bisection Test for Unilateral Visual Neglect Assessment","volume":"6","author":"Jee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Clin. Inform."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1037\/a0028674","article-title":"Reliability and Validity of the Virtual Reality Lateralized Attention Test in Assessing Hemispatial Neglect in Right-Hemisphere Stroke","volume":"26","author":"Buxbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2010.01390.x","article-title":"A Virtual Reality Test Battery for Assessment and Screening of Spatial Neglect","volume":"123","author":"Fordell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1319944","article-title":"Virtual Reality Tasks with Eye Tracking for Mild Spatial Neglect Assessment: A Pilot Study with Acute Stroke Patients","volume":"15","author":"Uimonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617724000274","article-title":"Using Augmented Reality to Assess Spatial Neglect: The Free Exploration Test (FET)","volume":"30","author":"Stammler","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/50282","article-title":"Immersive Virtual Reality-Based Methods for Assessing Executive Functioning: Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Kirkham","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2024.2346212","article-title":"Identifying Spatial Neglect\u2014An Updated Systematic Review of the Psychometric Properties of Assessment Tools in Adults Post-Stroke","volume":"35","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.23.6.658","article-title":"A Simple Test of Visual Neglect","volume":"23","author":"Albert","year":"1973","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00195","article-title":"Neglect and Extinction Depend Greatly on Task Demands: A Review","volume":"6","author":"Bonato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Hum. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1963.17.2.439","article-title":"Reversibility of the Necker Cube: I. An Examination of the Concept of \u201cSatiation of Orientation\u201d","volume":"17","author":"Orbach","year":"1963","journal-title":"Percept. Mot. Ski."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00066-X","article-title":"Why Are Some Patients with Severe Neglect Able to Copy a Cube? The Significance of Verbal Intelligence","volume":"38","author":"Seki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12161","article-title":"Necker Cube Copying May Not Be Appropriate as an Examination of Dementia: Reanalysis from the Tajiri Project","volume":"16","author":"Oonuma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1479-8301.2006.00121.x","article-title":"Necker Cube Copying Ability in Normal Elderly and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. A Community-Based Study: The Tajiri Project","volume":"6","author":"Shimada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/09602019108401377","article-title":"The Behavioural Assessment of Visual Neglect","volume":"1","author":"Halligan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"98","article-title":"Development of a Behavioral Test of Visuospatial Neglect","volume":"68","author":"Wilson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.12968\/bjtr.2003.10.2.13574","article-title":"Assessing Visual Inattention: Study of Inter-Rater Reliability","volume":"10","author":"Hannaford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br. J. Ther. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krippendorff, K. (2019). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology, SAGE Publications, Inc.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781071878781"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2023.102545","article-title":"K-Alpha Calculator\u2013Krippendorff\u2019s Alpha Calculator: A User-Friendly Tool for Computing Krippendorff\u2019s Alpha Inter-Rater Reliability Coefficient","volume":"12","author":"Marzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2024-0125","article-title":"Time Pressure in Diagnosing Written Clinical Cases: An Experimental Study on Time Constraints and Perceived Time Pressure","volume":"12","author":"Hooftman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnosis"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.96017.3","article-title":"A Deep Learning Approach for Automated Scoring of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure","volume":"13","author":"Langer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wall, C., Powell, D., Young, F., Zynda, A.J., Stuart, S., Covassin, T., and Godfrey, A. (2022). A Deep Learning-Based Approach to Diagnose Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Using Audio Classification. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274395"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20854","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74710-9","article-title":"Automatic Dementia Screening and Scoring by Applying Deep Learning on Clock-Drawing Tests","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12232","article-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment Could Distinguish among Different Clinical Phenotypes of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy: A Machine Learning Approach","volume":"15","author":"Vaccaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"128","article-title":"Deep Learning vs. Traditional Computer Vision","volume":"Volume 943","author":"Campbell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14539","article-title":"Deep Learning","volume":"521","author":"LeCun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/2529310","article-title":"The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data","volume":"33","author":"Landis","year":"1977","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chiropr. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Cabitza, F., Campagner, A., Del Zotti, F., Ravizza, A., and Sternini, F. (2020, January 21\u201325). All You Need Is Higher Accuracy? On the Quest for Minimum Acceptable Accuracy for Medical Artificial Intelligence. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on e-Health, Online."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1166(200006)15:6<548::AID-GPS242>3.0.CO;2-U","article-title":"Clock-Drawing: Is It the Ideal Cognitive Screening Test?","volume":"15","author":"Shulman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2003.51465.x","article-title":"The Mini-Cog as a Screen for Dementia: Validation in a Population-Based Sample","volume":"51","author":"Borson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.1_Part_1.106","article-title":"Clock-Drawing Test and Unilateral Spatial Neglect","volume":"43","author":"Ishiai","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.445","article-title":"The Clock Drawing Test in Primary Care: Sensitivity in Dementia Detection and Specificity against Normal and Depressed Elderly","volume":"16","author":"Kirby","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogbrainres.2005.09.008","article-title":"Weights and Measures: A New Look at Bisection Behaviour in Neglect","volume":"25","author":"McIntosh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.09.014","article-title":"Weight and See: Line Bisection in Neglect Reliably Measures the Allocation of Attention, but Not the Perception of Length","volume":"106","author":"McIntosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/5\/541\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T04:18:19Z","timestamp":1779509899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/5\/541"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16050541"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16050541","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]}}}