{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T05:01:30Z","timestamp":1780549290928,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To systematically evaluate the rehabilitation effect of brain-computer interface (BCI)-controlled hand robot training on post-stroke motor functions, especially upper limb functions. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, CNKI, SinoMed, WanFang Data, and VIP Database were searched from inception to 13 March 2026. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with dose-matched designs were included, where the test group underwent BCI-controlled hand robot training and the control group received either pure hand robot training or routine rehabilitation. Meta-analysis was performed on RevMan 5.4. Results: Totally 11 RCTs involving 380 patients were included. Compared with hand robot training alone, BCI-controlled hand robot training significantly improved Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) scores (MD = 4.87, 95% CI: 1.04 to 8.69) and FMA-UE proximal scores (MD = 4.44, 95% CI: 0.15 to 8.74), and significantly reduced finger flexor spasticity (MD = \u22120.44, 95% CI: \u22120.68 to \u22120.21), but showed no significant difference in distal upper limb motor function or Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) scores. Compared with routine rehabilitation, BCI-controlled hand robot training significantly improved FMA-UE scores (MD = 6.55, 95% CI: 3.49 to 9.61). Conclusions: BCI-controlled hand robot training can effectively improve overall upper limb and proximal motor function after stroke and alleviate finger flexor spasticity, but the evidence for distal hand function and long-term efficacy remains limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16060552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T12:14:52Z","timestamp":1779452092000},"page":"552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of Brain-Computer Interface-Controlled Hand Robot Training on Post-Stroke Recovery of Upper Limb Motor Functions: A Meta-Analysis of Dose-Matched Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7873-0598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Physical Education, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengjiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Physical Education, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Design, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daehee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Physical Education, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.16.181636","article-title":"Stroke: A global response is needed","volume":"94","author":"Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. 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