{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:26:11Z","timestamp":1785432371718,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780099200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gavpb45","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"FRQ-S"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study longitudinally assessed cognitive\u2013motor control deficits in the ipsilesional upper limb following stroke and, secondarily, examined the effect of lesion laterality on these deficits. Methods: Forty-one participants (mean [SD] age: 64.6 [14.4] years; 24 with right-hemisphere lesion; 38 right-handed) were assessed using the KINARM Exoskeleton Lab at approximately 4 weeks (T1), 10 weeks (T2), and 29 weeks (T3) post-stroke. They completed the Visually Guided Reaching (VGR) and Reverse Visually Guided Reaching (RVGR; where the cursor moved in the opposite direction to the subject\u2019s hand movement) tasks with their ipsilesional limb to assess motor control and cognitive\u2013motor control, respectively. Global Task-scores and Z-scores for specific variables derived from normative data were used to determine the occurrence of deficits within each task. Linear mixed-effects models examined time and lesion-side effects. Results: About 88% and 56% of participants were impaired on the RVGR global Task-score, at T1 and T3, respectively. In contrast, only 12% and 9% of participants were impaired on the VGR Task-score, at T1 and T3, respectively. Performance on the RVGR task improved over time. Interestingly, deficits were significantly more severe for right-hemisphere lesions on several variables, except for the feedforward variables. Performance on the VGR task remained unchanged with no lesion-side effect. Conclusions: Stroke survivors exhibited significant impairments in cognitive\u2013motor control of the ipsilesional upper limb, independent of pure motor deficits, persisting into the chronic stage. Right-hemisphere lesions were associated with greater impairments, indicating a potential hemispheric specialization for such cognitive\u2013motor control task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16060595","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:37:26Z","timestamp":1780454246000},"page":"595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deficits in Cognitive\u2013Motor Control of the Ipsilesional Upper Limb in Subacute Stroke Assessed Using a Robotic Exoskeleton: A Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4996-6909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel Segnon","family":"Sogbossi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7264-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e9andre","family":"Gagn\u00e9-Pelletier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2037-6916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine","family":"Mercier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, QC G1M 2S8, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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