{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T08:52:34Z","timestamp":1781772754368,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781740800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The significant impact of attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on health in adult life has been widely recognized. Among the comorbidities of this disorder in later life, dementia is one of the most relevant ones. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the impact of previous ADHD diagnosis on dementia risk. Materials and methods: We systematically searched Pubmed, Embase and Scopus for the relevant literature. Cohort and case\u2013control studies were included in our review. Retrieved records were selected by title and abstract and then by full text reading. For quality appraisal, the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa scale was used. A meta-analysis of hazard ratios (HRs) was performed for each type of dementia. Results: Four cohort studies and one case\u2013control study were included, for a total of 3,703,877 and 400 participants, respectively. For all-cause dementia, the pooled HR was 2.52 (95%CI 1.51\u20134.22, p &lt; 0.001), pointing out a significantly higher hazard in subjects with ADHD. For Alzheimer\u2019s disease, vascular dementia and Lewy body dementia, no meta-analysis was performed due to the low number of available studies. Discussion and conclusions: Our results support a significant association between ADHD and risk of dementia. The results regarding specific types of dementia are more challenging to interpret and could have been influenced by sample size issues. These findings show that ADHD deserves attention in future research on cognitive disorders of the elderly; in particular, more studies are needed to reveal if a true causal relationship links ADHD and dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16060646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T07:33:54Z","timestamp":1781768034000},"page":"646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Attention Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0635-4756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Baiamonte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Bellante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizio","family":"Allegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Tarantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Migliazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Lodico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-3963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Maniscalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3410-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Piccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2817-3758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Vanacore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Italian National Institute of Health, 00100 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2466-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica","family":"Matranga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3756-4323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Salemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic, Interventional and Stroke Radiology, UOC Neurology, AOUP \u2018P. Giaccone\u2019, 90100 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). Risk Reduction of Cognitive Decline and Dementia, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908915","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/908915","article-title":"Global Epidemiology of Dementia: Alzheimer\u2019s and Vascular Types","volume":"2014","author":"Rizzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. 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