{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:02:12Z","timestamp":1785402132806,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020607","name":"Hitit University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TIP19001.22.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIP19001.22.002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TIP19001.22.002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TIP19001.22.002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01x8m3269","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["2025-\u00d6\u011eP-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-\u00d6\u011eP-014"]}]},{"award":["2025-\u00d6\u011eP-014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-\u00d6\u011eP-014"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01x1kqx83","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. Increasing evidence suggests that dysregulated inflammatory cytokines and impaired antioxidant defenses contribute to schizophrenia pathophysiology. This study investigated the neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of Gallic Acid (GA) in a ketamine-induced experimental schizophrenia model. Methods: Thirty male Balb\/C mice were randomly divided into control, ketamine, and ketamine + GA groups. Schizophrenia was induced with ketamine (25 mg\/kg\/day) for 7 days, while the treatment group additionally received GA (60 mg\/kg\/day) for another 7 days. Behavioral tests, including open field, novel object recognition, and tail suspension tests, were performed to evaluate locomotor activity, cognition, and depressive-like behavior. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1\u03b2), interleukin-18 (IL-18), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) levels were analyzed in hippocampal and prefrontal cortex tissues to assess inflammatory and oxidative stress-related alterations. Results: Ketamine induced schizophrenia-like behaviors, including hyperlocomotion, memory impairment, and increased immobility. These behavioral alterations were accompanied by significantly elevated TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-18, and TOS levels, alongside reduced SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and TAS levels in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. GA treatment ameliorated behavioral impairments, restored antioxidant enzymes, increased TAS levels, and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines and TOS in these brain regions. Conclusions: GA exerted neuroprotective effects in the ketamine-induced schizophrenia model by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits. These findings suggest that Gallic Acid may serve as a promising therapeutic candidate for schizophrenia through modulation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16070660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T05:48:16Z","timestamp":1782366496000},"page":"660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protective Effects of Gallic Acid on Oxidative and Inflammatory Markers in the Hippocampus and Prefrontal Cortex of a Ketamine-Induced Schizophrenia-like Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5711-0038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali Osman","family":"Arslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0809-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ihsan","family":"Cetin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, 19030 \u00c7orum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ozgur Mehmet","family":"Yis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2744-1775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sevdenur","family":"Akcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3418-8825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guven","family":"Akcay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Bolu Abant \u0130zzet Baysal University, 14030 Bolu, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02138-4","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of schizophrenia\u2014Data, with critical appraisal, from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019","volume":"28","author":"Solmi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. 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