{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1785416339744,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32471118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471118"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31900752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900752"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32471118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471118"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["31900752"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900752"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project","award":["24YJC190045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24YJC190045"]}]},{"name":"2025 Capital Normal University Philosophy and Social Sciences Research Capability Innovation Project"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/005edt527","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated whether alterations in error monitoring constitute shared risk factors for developmental dyslexia (DD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A total of 148 children were recruited and categorized into four groups, including 37 children with DD only, 37 with ADHD only, 40 with comorbid DD + ADHD, and 34 typically developing (TD) controls. Participants completed a combined Flanker\u2013No-Go task to assess error monitoring, utilizing post-error slowing (PES) and post-error accuracy (PEA) to index error detection and error regulation, respectively. Results of linear mixed-effects models showed a significant main effect of DD_status on PES, indicating that children with DD (including the DD-only and comorbid DD + ADHD groups) exhibited significantly shorter PES than their non-DD counterparts. Conversely, a significant main effect of ADHD_status was observed on PEA, where children with ADHD showed lower PEA relative to those without ADHD. Notably, there were no significant differences in error monitoring functions between children with single disorders and those with comorbidities. Furthermore, hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that PES independently predicted character recognition, but not ADHD symptom severity. These findings suggest that while both DD and ADHD involve atypical error monitoring, the underlying patterns are dissociable. Specifically, the DD profile tended to align with altered error detection, whereas the ADHD profile was more closely associated with reduced error regulation. Crucially, the comorbid group exhibited a combination of the error monitoring problems observed in DD and ADHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16070669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:11:57Z","timestamp":1782785517000},"page":"669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dissociable Patterns of Atypical Error Monitoring in Developmental Dyslexia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xueqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuju","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"},{"name":"National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5392-8094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2010.494748","article-title":"Comorbidity of ADHD and Dyslexia","volume":"35","author":"Gagliano","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"96","article-title":"Foveal crowding in children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"75","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"International Dyslexia Association (2025, November 03). 2025 Dyslexia Definition Project. Available online: https:\/\/dyslexiaida.org\/2025-dyslexia-definition-project\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399114","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530.2024.2399114","article-title":"Prevalence of dyslexia related to mental health problems and character strengths among primary school students in northwest China","volume":"76","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aust. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [5th ed.]. Text Revision.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2336872","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.36872","article-title":"Prevalence and trends in diagnosed ADHD among US children and adolescents, 2017\u20132022","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.12.017","article-title":"The nature and nurture of ADHD and its comorbidities: A narrative review on twin studies","volume":"109","author":"Tistarelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/TLD.0b013e31826203ac","article-title":"Understanding the comorbidity between dyslexia and attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"32","author":"Boada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Top. Lang. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1080\/10888438.2019.1706180","article-title":"The multiple deficit model: Progress, problems, and prospects","volume":"24","author":"McGrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Stud. Read."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.04.008","article-title":"From single to multiple deficit models of developmental disorders","volume":"101","author":"Pennington","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/dys.1523","article-title":"Improvement of the Error-detection Mechanism in Adults with Dyslexia Following Reading Acceleration Training","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dyslexia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01127-z","article-title":"The Relationship Between Emotion Dysregulation and Error Monitoring in Adolescents with ADHD","volume":"52","author":"Figuracion","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"e1789222023","article-title":"Neuroimaging signatures of metacognitive improvement in sensorimotor timing","volume":"44","author":"Bader","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14731","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14731","article-title":"Stability of performance monitoring with prolonged task performance: A study of error-related negativity and error positivity","volume":"62","author":"Clayson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JACP.0000026142.11217.f2","article-title":"Evidence for an error monitoring deficit in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"32","author":"Schachar","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14694","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.14694","article-title":"Error monitoring under working memory load: An electrocortical investigation","volume":"61","author":"Watanabe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1326","article-title":"Dissociable executive functions in the dynamic control of behavior: Inhibition, error detection, and correction","volume":"17","author":"Garavan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.01.011","article-title":"The neural correlates of deficient error awareness in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)","volume":"47","author":"Bellgrove","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1047","article-title":"Characteristics of error monitoring in children with developmental dyslexia: Evidence from eye movements","volume":"31","author":"Zhai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1068\/p2666a","article-title":"Voluntary saccadic control in dyslexia","volume":"29","author":"Biscaldi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Perception"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-012-3192-7","article-title":"Saccadic eye movements in children: A developmental study","volume":"222","author":"Bucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2014.03.029","article-title":"Effect of visual attention on postural control in children with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"35","author":"Bucci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0162","article-title":"Oculomotor Abnormalities in Children with Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Are Improved by Methylphenidate","volume":"27","author":"Bucci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2009.04.017","article-title":"Saccade eye movements as a quantitative measure of frontostriatal network in children with ADHD","volume":"32","author":"Goto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brain Dev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819996da","article-title":"Oculomotor performance identifies underlying cognitive deficits in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"48","author":"Loe","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2019.1666919","article-title":"Saccade eye movement in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"74","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1975","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02284-z","article-title":"Oculomotor deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Sherigar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Hmimdi, A.E., and Kapoula, Z. (2025). Distinguishing Dyslexia, Attention Deficit, and Learning Disorders: Insights from AI and Eye Movements. Bioengineering, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering12070737"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.06.019","article-title":"Inhibitory deficits in ocular motor behavior in adults with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"56","author":"Feifel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617721001065","article-title":"Reduced error recognition explains post-error slowing differences among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"28","author":"Arnett","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-005-0276-6","article-title":"ERP correlates of impaired error monitoring in children with ADHD","volume":"112","author":"Wiersema","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-008-0165-x","article-title":"ERP correlates of error monitoring in adult ADHD","volume":"116","author":"Wiersema","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.02.026","article-title":"May posterror performance be a critical factor for behavioral deficits in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder?","volume":"70","author":"Yordanova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.05.011","article-title":"Adaptive control deficits in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The role of error processing","volume":"151","author":"Heslenfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"362","article-title":"The effect of error judgment on error monitoring in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"28","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"300","article-title":"The Linguistic Cognitive Deficiency of Developmental Dyslexic Children","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-012-9228-0","article-title":"The stability of literacy-related cognitive contributions to Chinese character naming and reading fluency","volume":"42","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psycholinguist. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Wang, X.L., and Tao, B.P. (1996). Chinese Character Recognition Test Battery and Assessment Scale for Primary School Children, Shanghai Education Press."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"113","article-title":"Standardization research on Raven\u2019s Standard Progressive Matrices in China","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12069","article-title":"Motivational incentives and methylphenidate enhance electrophysiological correlates of error monitoring in children with attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"54","author":"Groom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"833","article-title":"Norm of ADHD rating scale\u2014Parent version in Chinese urban children","volume":"21","author":"Su","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pract. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.01.023","article-title":"Sequential inhibitory control processes assessed through simultaneous EEG\u2013fMRI","volume":"94","author":"Baumeister","year":"2014","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2006.04680.x","article-title":"Brain regions underlying response inhibition and interference monitoring and suppression","volume":"23","author":"Blasi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3758\/BRM.42.4.1096","article-title":"PsyToolkit\u2014A software package for programming psychological experiments using Linux","volume":"42","author":"Stoet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/0098628316677643","article-title":"PsyToolkit: A novel web-based method for running online questionnaires and reaction-time experiments","volume":"44","author":"Stoet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Teach. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2017.01.004","article-title":"Neural evidence for enhanced attention to mistakes among school-aged children with a growth mindset","volume":"24","author":"Schroder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"36","article-title":"The effect of the interference load on the visual working memory of children with ADHD","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Spec. Educ."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Bowling, N.A., Huang, J.L., and DeSimone, J.A. (2025). Insufficient Effort Responding to Psychological Assessments: Practical Advice for Combatting a Serious Threat to Data Quality, SIOP."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.06.009","article-title":"An error-detection mechanism in reading among dyslexic and regular readers\u2013An ERP study","volume":"119","author":"Breznitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.01.011","article-title":"Error monitoring in children with ADHD or reading disorder: An event-related potential study","volume":"84","author":"Roeyers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(99)00031-9","article-title":"ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: A tutorial","volume":"51","author":"Falkenstein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4694(91)90062-9","article-title":"Effects of crossmodal divided attention on late ERP components. II. Error processing in choice reaction tasks","volume":"78","author":"Falkenstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/1034912X.2011.548466","article-title":"Error Detection Mechanism for Words and Sentences: A comparison between readers with dyslexia and skilled readers","volume":"58","author":"Breznitz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Disabil. Dev. Educ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073812460917","article-title":"Compensated dyslexics have a more efficient error detection system than noncompensated dyslexics","volume":"28","author":"Breznitz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Child Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1041.2024.01751","article-title":"Orthography-phonology integration of Chinese children with developmental dyslexia: The mutual influence of orthography and phonology","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14617","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32995-x","article-title":"Dynamics of error-related activity in deterministic learning\u2014An EEG and fMRI study","volume":"8","author":"Gawlowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.07.024","article-title":"Differential effects of orthographic and phonological consistency in cortex for children with and without reading impairment","volume":"46","author":"Bolger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.10.022","article-title":"Enhanced visceromotor emotional reactivity in dyslexia and its relation to salience network connectivity","volume":"134","author":"Sturm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1135","article-title":"The multidimensional research progress in attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with dyslexia: From gene, brain to behavior","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13161","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.13161","article-title":"The brain basis of handwriting deficits in Chinese children with developmental dyslexia","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpsycho.2012.08.006","article-title":"Electrophysiological indices of error monitoring in juvenile and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)\u2014A meta-analytic appraisal","volume":"87","author":"Geburek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychophysiol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57685-x","article-title":"Reduced temporal and spatial stability of neural activity patterns predict cognitive control deficits in children with ADHD","volume":"16","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/87565649509540633","article-title":"Do reading disabled children have planning problems?","volume":"11","author":"Condor","year":"1995","journal-title":"Dev. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1177\/10870547221140858","article-title":"Pathogenesis of comorbid ADHD and Chinese developmental dyslexia: Evidence from eye-movement tracking and rapid automatized naming","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/7\/669\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T04:21:23Z","timestamp":1782966083000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/7\/669"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16070669"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16070669","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]}}}