{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T10:07:39Z","timestamp":1784196459162,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) delivers high doses of focused ionizing radiation (IR) to a defined target while sparing surrounding tissues. The delivery of focused doses of IR has proven to be an effective modality for the treatment of brain tumors, cerebrovascular lesions, and primary neuropathic pain conditions. More recently, the emerging concept of \u201cradiomodulation\u201d to rewire neural circuitry through the delivery of focused IR to specific neural relay centers has emerged as an alternative way to treat neurological conditions, such as essential tremor, trigeminal neuralgia, and psychiatric illnesses. In this article, we performed a scoping review of the existing data supporting the ability of focused doses of ionizing radiation to achieve modulation of neural circuits for the treatment of neurological conditions. We review the current understanding of the neurophysiological mechanisms of radiomodulation, the gaps in knowledge limiting its widespread use for in-human applications and stress the unmet need for ongoing research to rigorously prove that radiomodulation may be the \u201cfinal frontier\u201d as a non-invasive, non-pharmacological, versatile, and tunable modality for the treatment of a multitude of neurological conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16070751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:08:34Z","timestamp":1784189314000},"page":"751","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Radiomodulation\u2014The Final Frontier of Radiosurgery?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fred C.","family":"Lam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0319-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazhen","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Pasadena Community College, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4810-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bryan","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, Pasadena Community College, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amar","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6815-401X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay L.","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirmeen","family":"Zagzoog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neeraj","family":"Kalra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke S.","family":"Hori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael B.","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9858-2592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J.","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven 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