{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T12:15:28Z","timestamp":1785413728807,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":285,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["BR28713159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR28713159"]}]},{"award":["BR28713159"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BR28713159"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Modern approaches for post-stroke rehabilitation cover mechanistically different ways\u2014from physiotherapy to digital technologies. Among these approaches, stem cell-based therapy represents probably the most complex but promising strategy. Methods: We discuss the current state-of-the-art of using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in post-stroke regenerative therapy. Despite relatively wide use of bone marrow and adipose tissue MSCs, these cells represent a more mature (\u201cadult\u201d) state, which limits their proliferative and regenerative potentials. Compared to the \u201cadult\u201d MSCs, less \u201cmature\u201d MSCs obtained from umbilical cord, specifically Wharton\u2019s jelly MSCs (WJ-MSCs), demonstrate unique functional capabilities and are free from certain technical and ethical issues. Results: The molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of WJ-MSCs are thoroughly discussed in comparison with abundantly used \u201cadult\u201d types of MSCs. We also comparatively evaluate their preclinical and clinical application for treating post-stroke patients. Recent findings indicate that not only MSCs but also their secretome\/exosomes (cell-free product) represent a therapeutically beneficial cellular drug in post-stroke recovery. Specially designed and carefully evaluated protocols, which preserve the bioactivity of the cell-free product intact, are mentioned. Neuroprotective and neuroreparative properties of cell-free products\u2014secretome and exosomes\u2014derived from Wharton\u2019s jelly MSCs are summarized. Conclusions: Cell-free products obtained from WJ-MSCs are an innovative adjunct therapy for post-stroke disorders, despite certain challenges and limitations of this type of therapy still present. By further investigation of the molecular composition and biological mechanisms of the WJ-MSC secretome and exosomes, their clinical applicability in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative pathologies will be promoted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16080775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:11:26Z","timestamp":1784797886000},"page":"775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Stem Cells in Post-Stroke Regenerative Therapy: Current Role of Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Orchestrum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2047-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastassiya","family":"Ganina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7708-1390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naizabek","family":"Yerzhigit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9544-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Lookin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliya","family":"Orassay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galiya","family":"Shaimardanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmira","family":"Chuvakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manarbek","family":"Askarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abay","family":"Baigenzhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JSC National Scientific Medical Center, 42 Abylay Khan Ave., Astana 010009, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241308142","article-title":"World Stroke Organization: Global Stroke Fact Sheet 2025","volume":"20","author":"Feigin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1159\/000369121","article-title":"Medical and endovascular treatment of patients with large vessel occlusion presenting with mild symptoms: An observational multicenter study","volume":"38","author":"Urra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493018786616","article-title":"Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations for Acute Stroke Management: Prehospital, Emergency Department, and Acute Inpatient Stroke Care, 6th Edition, Update 2018","volume":"13","author":"Boulanger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Stroke"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1706442","article-title":"Thrombectomy 6 to 24 Hours after Stroke with a Mismatch between Deficit and Infarct","volume":"378","author":"Nogueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e344","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000211","article-title":"Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018 Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"50","author":"Powers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000407","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000407","article-title":"Advances in mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"2","author":"Raha","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2022.344","article-title":"Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Acute Stroke Management, 7th Edition Practice Guidelines Update, 2022","volume":"51","author":"Heran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1136\/jnis-2023-020792","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of the impact of procedure time and the \u2018golden hour\u2019 in subpopulations of stroke thrombectomy patients","volume":"16","author":"Ash","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurointerv. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214403","article-title":"Trial of Endovascular Thrombectomy for Large Ischemic Strokes","volume":"388","author":"Sarraj","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X20970048","article-title":"Principles and requirements for stroke recovery science","volume":"41","author":"Sommer","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salaudeen, M.A., Bello, N., Danraka, R.N., and Ammani, M.L. (2024). Understanding the Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke: The Basis of Current Therapies and Opportunity for New Ones. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14030305"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mir\u00f3-Mur, F., Urra, X., Ruiz-Ja\u00e9n, F., Pedragosa, J., Chamorro, \u00c1., and Planas, A.M. (2020). Antigen-Dependent T Cell Response to Neural Peptides After Human Ischemic Stroke. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00206"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02888-6","article-title":"Transcriptomics and translatomics identify a robust inflammatory gene signature in brain endothelial cells after ischemic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Gallizioli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammat."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0469-8","article-title":"Antigen Presentation After Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Urra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for Adult Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery: A Guideline for Healthcare Professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geng, H., Li, M., Tang, J., Lv, Q., Li, R., and Wang, L. (2022). Early Rehabilitation Exercise after Stroke Improves Neurological Recovery through Enhancing Angiogenesis in Patients and Cerebral Ischemia Rat Model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810508"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e45873","article-title":"Adaptive Neuroplasticity in Brain Injury Recovery: Strategies and Insights","volume":"15","author":"Zotey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"CD006187","article-title":"Very early versus delayed mobilisation after stroke","volume":"10","author":"Langhorne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2020.1789229","article-title":"Early mobilisation post-stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"44","author":"Rethnam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AVERT Trial Collaboration Group (2015). Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 386, 46\u201355.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60690-0"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prabhakaran, S., Gonzalez, N.R., Zachrison, K.S., Adeoye, O., Alexandrov, A.W., Ansari, S.A., Chapman, S., Czap, A.L., Dumitrascu, O.M., and Ishida, K. (2026). 2026 Guideline for the Early Management of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke, Epub ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000513"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., He, Y., Wang, D., and Rezaei, M.J. (2024). Stroke rehabilitation: From diagnosis to therapy. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1402729"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, S. (2023). Stroke Recovery Is a Journey: Prediction and Potentials of Motor Recovery after a Stroke from a Practical Perspective. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102061"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317697034","article-title":"A Short and Distinct Time Window for Recovery of Arm Motor Control Early After Stroke Revealed with a Global Measure of Trajectory Kinematics","volume":"31","author":"Cortes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-018-0409-4","article-title":"Recovery of kinematic arm function in well-performing people with subacute stroke: A longitudinal cohort study","volume":"15","author":"Thrane","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-020-00705-2","article-title":"Upper limb kinematics during the first year after stroke: The stroke arm longitudinal study at the University of Gothenburg (SALGOT)","volume":"17","author":"Thrane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-017-2938-1","article-title":"Pathogenic mechanisms following ischemic stroke","volume":"38","author":"Khoshnam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-023-01437-2","article-title":"Drivers of Chronic Pathology Following Ischemic Stroke: A Descriptive Review","volume":"44","author":"Goodman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2025.115548","article-title":"Brain remodeling in stroke patients: A comprehensive review of mechanistic and neuroimaging studies","volume":"486","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00762.2018","article-title":"A critical time window for recovery extends beyond one-year post-stroke","volume":"122","author":"Ballester","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2026676118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2026676118","article-title":"Critical Period After Stroke Study (CPASS): A phase II clinical trial testing an optimal time for motor recovery after stroke in humans","volume":"118","author":"Dromerick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.13854","article-title":"Individualized nutritional treatment for acute stroke patients with malnutrition risk improves functional independence measurement: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Otsuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2442","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac245","article-title":"Integrated care for optimizing the management of stroke and associated heart disease: A position paper of the European Society of Cardiology Council on Stroke","volume":"43","author":"Lip","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2025.03.017","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in stroke rehabilitation: From acute care to long-term recovery","volume":"572","author":"Kopalli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60325-5","article-title":"Stroke rehabilitation","volume":"377","author":"Langhorne","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2023-002998","article-title":"Chinese Stroke Association guidelines for clinical management of ischaemic cerebrovascular diseases: Executive summary and 2023 update","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63934-9.00009-3","article-title":"Brain-computer interfaces in neurologic rehabilitation practice","volume":"168","author":"Pichiorri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J.H., Jeun, Y.J., Park, H.Y., and Jung, Y.J. (2021). Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined with Rehabilitation on Arm and Hand Function in Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9121705"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3983","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_528_21","article-title":"The Bobath Concept (NDT) as rehabilitation in stroke patients: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Pathak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tedla, J.S., Gular, K., Reddy, R.S., de S\u00e1 Ferreira, A., Rodrigues, E.C., Kakaraparthi, V.N., Gyer, G., Sangadala, D.R., Qasheesh, M., and Kovela, R.K. (2022). Effectiveness of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy (CIMT) on Balance and Functional Mobility in the Stroke Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10030495"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.62347\/THME3127","article-title":"Functional electrical stimulation enhances motor control in stroke rehabilitation","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzx079","article-title":"Locomotor Training and Strength and Balance Exercises for Walking Recovery After Stroke: Response to Number of Training Sessions","volume":"97","author":"Rose","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15059","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-98227-1","article-title":"Evaluation of balance and orthotic gait training techniques for rehabilitation in hemiplegic stroke patients","volume":"15","author":"Tariq","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2025.111667","article-title":"The association of cognitive functions with functional outcomes during post-stroke recovery: A cross-sectional study","volume":"142","author":"Harini","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L., He, M., Ying, C., and Chu, H. (2024). Mechanisms of inflammation after ischemic stroke in brain-peripheral crosstalk. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1400808"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.11913.1","article-title":"Rehabilitation following hemorrhagic stroke: Building the case for stroke-subtype specific recovery therapies","volume":"6","author":"Kitago","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marek, K., Zieli\u0144ska-Nowak, E., Redlicka, J., Starosta, M., and Miller, E. (2024). Intracranial Hemorrhage\u2014Is Very Early Rehabilitation Safe? A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133776"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0b013e31829fa808","article-title":"Incorporating robotic-assisted telerehabilitation in a home program to improve arm function following stroke","volume":"37","author":"Linder","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.2196\/rehab.7511","article-title":"Telerehabilitation: Review of the State-of-the-Art and Areas of Application","volume":"4","author":"Peretti","year":"2017","journal-title":"JMIR Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digital health in stroke: A narrative review","volume":"82","author":"Silva","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arq. Neuropsiquiatr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, N., Zhao, B., Wang, H., Wu, J., Luo, Y., Yuan, M., and Xu, C. (2025). Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with cognitive rehabilitation on cognitive function and activities of daily living in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1523001"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183026","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2183026","article-title":"ROS-Mediated NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Brain, Heart, Kidney, and Testis Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"2016","author":"Minutoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2017-0008","article-title":"Autophagy, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response in Intracerebral Hemorrhage","volume":"8","author":"Niu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Ye, Y., Xiong, X., Zhang, S., Gu, L., Jian, Z., and Wang, H. (2022). Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and the Unfolded Protein Response in Cerebral Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.864426"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, F., Tang, H., Wang, L., Huang, L., and Zhang, J. (2022). Editorial: Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Stroke. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.888952"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-024-01060-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial calcium in cardiac ischemia\/reperfusion injury and cardioprotection","volume":"119","author":"Bertero","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01324","article-title":"Mechanistic insights of neuronal death and neuroprotective therapeutic approaches in stroke","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Limatola, C., and Ransohoff, R.M. (2014). Modulating neurotoxicity through CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 signaling. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2014.00229"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756286418774254","DOI":"10.1177\/1756286418774254","article-title":"Danger signals in stroke and their role on microglia activation after ischemia","volume":"11","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pawelec, P., Ziemka-Nalecz, M., Sypecka, J., and Zalewska, T. (2020). The Impact of the CX3CL1\/CX3CR1 Axis in Neurological Disorders. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9102277"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00879-6","article-title":"Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns amplify neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Golubczyk, D., Mowinska, A., Holak, P., Walczak, P., Janowski, M., and Malysz-Cymborska, I. (2025). Complexity of Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecule Expression Profile in Porcine Brain Affected by Ischemic Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083702"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Domingues, H.S., Portugal, C.C., Socodato, R., and Relvas, J.B. (2016). Oligodendrocyte, Astrocyte, and Microglia Crosstalk in Myelin Development, Damage, and Repair. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 4, Erratum in Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2016, 4, 79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2016.00079.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2016.00071"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-025-01244-4","article-title":"Microglia-astrocyte crosstalk following ischemic stroke","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonaventura, A., Liberale, L., Vecchi\u00e9, A., Casula, M., Carbone, F., Dallegri, F., and Montecucco, F. (2016). Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17121967"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013583","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013583","article-title":"Activated Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Recovery Following Stroke Via Regulation of Inflammation and Oligodendrogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Tobin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"188","article-title":"Inflammatory Biomarkers in Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions","volume":"1","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Subspecialties"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aww298","article-title":"Myelin phagocytosis by astrocytes after myelin damage promotes lesion pathology","volume":"140","author":"Ponath","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02137-8","article-title":"Relevant mediators involved in and therapies targeting the inflammatory response induced by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke","volume":"18","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammat."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masenga, S.K., and Kirabo, A. (2024). The NLRP3 inflammasome in ischemic stroke. Front. Stroke, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fstro.2024.1382379"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, J., Liu, J., Li, Y., Du, F., Li, W., Thilakavathy, K., Lim, J.C.W., Sun, Z., and Deng, J. (2025). Microglial Autophagy and Mitophagy in Ischemic Stroke: From Dual Roles to Therapeutic Modulation. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14091269"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102342","article-title":"Metformin modulates mitochondrial function and mitophagy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"53","author":"Canet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106648","article-title":"Effect of metformin on outcome after acute ischemic stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"31","author":"Kersten","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e34121","article-title":"A comprehensive review on the neuroprotective potential of resveratrol in ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Owjfard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4103\/jrptps.JRPTPS_95_21","article-title":"Does resveratrol enhance recovery from acute ischemic stroke? A randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"11","author":"Sariaslani","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Rep. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, L., Yang, S., Lu, X., Zhang, Y., and Li, T. (2021). Research Progress on the Mechanism of Mitochondrial Autophagy in Cerebral Stroke. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.698601"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00367-7","article-title":"PINK1 and Parkin mitochondrial quality control: A source of regional vulnerability in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2020.04.007","article-title":"PINK1 and Parkin: The odd couple","volume":"159","author":"Yoboue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1580095","article-title":"BNIP3L\/NIX and FUNDC1-mediated mitophagy is required for mitochondrial network remodeling during cardiac progenitor cell differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Lampert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04469-y","article-title":"BNIP3L\/NIX-mediated mitophagy: Molecular mechanisms and implications for human disease","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115793","article-title":"BNIP3-mediated mitophagy alleviates traumatic brain injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress","volume":"168","author":"Yin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, X., Dai, Y., Shang, B., Zhang, S., Lin, L., Wu, Q., Zhan, R., Li, S., and Liu, S. (2024). Danggui Shaoyao San and disassembled prescription: Neuroprotective effects via AMPK\/mTOR-mediated autophagy in mice. BMC Complement. Med. Ther., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-024-04588-x"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2025.03.045","article-title":"Targeting LKB1-AMPK-SIRT1-induced autophagy and mitophagy pathways improves cerebrovascular homeostasis in APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"233","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stamatovic, S.M., Phillips, C.M., Martinez-Revollar, G., Keep, R.F., and Andjelkovic, A.V. (2019). Involvement of Epigenetic Mechanisms and Non-coding RNAs in Blood-Brain Barrier and Neurovascular Unit Injury and Recovery After Stroke. Front. Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00864"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X241254772","article-title":"Role of miRNAs in neurovascular injury and repair","volume":"44","author":"Sawant","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3189","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA mediates stroke-induced neurogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2298","article-title":"Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Reveals Modulation of Angiogenesis via Nuclear Factor-KappaB Signaling","volume":"34","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111709","article-title":"Enhancement of angiogenesis and neurogenesis by intracerebroventricular injection of secretome from human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic stroke model","volume":"140","author":"Nasoohi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, L., Yang, Y., Xu, X., Guo, X., and Zhan, Q. (2023). Modulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on microglia in ischemic stroke. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1073958"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-025-02286-w","article-title":"Neuroangiogenesis potential of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in ischemic stroke conditions","volume":"23","author":"Mirzaahmadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2005-0342","article-title":"Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or adipose tissue","volume":"24","author":"Kern","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt159","article-title":"Effects of intravenous administration of allogenic bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells on functional recovery and brain repair markers in experimental ischemic stroke","volume":"4","author":"Fuentes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1322-x","article-title":"Intravenous delivery of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells improves brain repair in hyperglycemic stroke rats","volume":"10","author":"Diekhorst","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1780","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-021-10157-3","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Parts of Umbilical Cord: Approach to Comparison & Characteristics","volume":"17","author":"Semenova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21214","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04405-6","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy for acute and subacute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Osanai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.4103\/abr.abr_298_23","article-title":"Dimethyl Fumarate Preconditioning can Reinforce the Therapeutic Potential of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells through Trophic Factor Profile Enhancement","volume":"13","author":"Pandamooz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryou, M.G., and Burton, S. (2024). Intermittent hypoxic training\u2014Derived exosomes in stroke rehabilitation. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2024.1475234"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.124.048964","article-title":"Hypoxic Preconditioning Enhances the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Treat Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury","volume":"56","author":"Hermans","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2016.2479","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in the effects of HMGB1 on mesenchymal stem cell migration and osteoblastic differentiation","volume":"37","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb44020040","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Human Spinal Cord Injury: The Effect on Individual Values of pNF-H, GFAP, S100 Proteins and Selected Growth Factors, Cytokines and Chemokines","volume":"44","author":"Slovinska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2014.01.008","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells rescue injured endothelial cells in an in vitro ischemia-reperfusion model via tunneling nanotube like structure-mediated mitochondrial transfer","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2019.01.001","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells transfer mitochondria into cerebral microvasculature and promote recovery from ischemic stroke","volume":"123","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00853-6","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Mitochondrial Transfer: A Therapeutic Approach for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"3548917","article-title":"The Immunomodulatory Potential of Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Cells","volume":"2019","author":"Goldberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.3360","article-title":"Gap junction-mediated cell-cell interaction between transplanted mesenchymal stem cells and vascular endothelium in stroke","volume":"39","author":"Okinaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-024-06296-5","article-title":"Impaired Communication through Gap Junctions Reduces the Angiogenic Potential of the Secretome in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Endothelial Cell Interactions In Vitro","volume":"178","author":"Ezdakova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakano-Doi, A., Kubo, S., Sonoda, E., Taguchi, A., and Nakagomi, T. (2023). Different Contacted Cell Types Contribute to Acquiring Different Properties in Brain Microglial Cells upon Intercellular Interaction. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021774"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4784","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v11i11.4784","article-title":"The Challenges to Advancing Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Dependent Cell Replacement Therapy","volume":"11","author":"Moy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Res. Arch."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2025.01.015","article-title":"IPSC-based cell replacement therapy: From basic research to clinical application","volume":"27","author":"Takahashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.J., Kim, D.H., Choi, J.I., Sim, H.R., Jung, S., Hwang, D.Y., and Kim, M. (2025). Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal progenitor cells promote neurogenesis and functional recovery by attenuating neuroinflammation and via extracellular vesicles in a subacute stroke model. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1650092"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7370","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.1c00672","article-title":"Embryonic Stem Cell Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Regulatory T Cells to Protect against Ischemic Stroke","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13223","DOI":"10.1111\/cpr.13223","article-title":"Human ESC-derived immunity- and matrix- regulatory cells ameliorated white matter damage and vascular cognitive impairment in rats subjected to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Prolif."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-02041-0","article-title":"A mechanistic insight of neuro-inflammation signaling pathways and implication in neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"34","author":"Shafi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9875","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1100816108","article-title":"Multilineage-differentiating stress-enduring (Muse) cells are a primary source of induced pluripotent stem cells in human fibroblasts","volume":"108","author":"Wakao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ossanna, R., Veronese, S., Quintero Sierra, L.A., Conti, A., Conti, G., and Sbarbati, A. (2023). Multilineage-Differentiating Stress-Enduring Cells (Muse Cells): An Easily Accessible, Pluripotent Stem Cell Niche with Unique and Powerful Properties for Multiple Regenerative Medicine Applications. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202305.0596.v1"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alanazi, R.F., Alhwity, B.S., Almahlawi, R.M., Alatawi, B.D., Albalawi, S.A., Albalawi, R.A., Albalawi, A.A., Abdel-Maksoud, M.S., and Elsherbiny, N. (2023). Multilineage Differentiating Stress Enduring (Muse) Cells: A New Era of Stem Cell-Based Therapy. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12131676"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, J., Zhang, S., Luo, S., Zuo, X., Ma, F., Wang, H., Han, P., Zhu, P., Wang, N., and Hou, X. (2025). Csf1+ AD-MSCs promote stroke repair by activating the resident microglia. Exp. Biol. Med., 250.","DOI":"10.3389\/ebm.2025.10611"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S., Kim, O.J., Lee, K.O., Jung, H., Oh, S.H., and Kim, N.K. (2020). Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of CCL2-Overexpressing Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207795"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donega, V., van Velthoven, C.T., Nijboer, C.H., van Bel, F., Kas, M.J., Kavelaars, A., and Heijnen, C.J. (2013). Intranasal mesenchymal stem cell treatment for neonatal brain damage: Long-term cognitive and sensorimotor improvement. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051253"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02274-0","article-title":"Advances in intranasal application of stem cells in the treatment of central nervous system diseases","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.146406","article-title":"Neuroprotection by mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) administration is enhanced by local cooling infusion (LCI) in ischemia","volume":"1724","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1012","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011440","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"96","author":"Chung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-024-00851-7","article-title":"Stem cell therapies in stroke rehabilitation: A narrative review of current strategies and future prospects","volume":"60","author":"Aderinto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt J. Neurol. Psychiatry Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2024.03.026","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in ischemic stroke trials. A systematic review","volume":"27","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhu, J., Ma, Q., Zhou, W., Yang, L., Sheng, S., Zhu, F., and Xia, Z. (2025). Trends in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles clinical trials 2014-2024: Is efficacy optimal in a narrow dose range?. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1625787"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"szaf063","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szaf063","article-title":"Intrathecal versus intravenous umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells for ischemic stroke sequelae","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fauzi, A.A., Thamrin, A.M.H., Permana, A.T., Ranuh, I.G.M.A.R., Hidayati, H.B., Hamdan, M., Wahyuhadi, J., Suroto, N.S., Lestari, P., and Chandra, P.S. (2023). Comparison of the Administration Route of Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Clinical Outcomes and Safety. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072735"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9636897251315121","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897251315121","article-title":"Stem Cell-Based Therapies via Different Administration Route for Stroke: A Meta-analysis of Comparative Studies","volume":"34","author":"Mulia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.1c01312","article-title":"Delivery of Stem Cell Secretome for Therapeutic Applications","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarygin, K.N., Namestnikova, D.D., Sukhinich, K.K., Gubskiy, I.L., Majouga, A.G., and Kholodenko, I.V. (2021). Cell Therapy of Stroke: Do the Intra-Arterially Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells Cross the Blood-Brain Barrier?. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112997"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.20875","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in tumor development: Emerging roles and concepts","volume":"6","author":"Cuiffo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as tools and targets in therapy for diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7006281","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7006281","article-title":"Exosome in Crosstalk between Inflammation and Angiogenesis: A Potential Therapeutic Strategy for Stroke","volume":"2022","author":"Cun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitre\u010di\u0107, D., Hribljan, V., Jage\u010di\u0107, D., Isakovi\u0107, J., Lamberto, F., Hor\u00e1nszky, A., Zana, M., Foldes, G., Zavan, B., and Pivori\u016bnas, A. (2022). Regenerative Neurology and Regenerative Cardiology: Shared Hurdles and Achievements. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020855"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8048","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26726","article-title":"The extracellular vesicles-derived from mesenchymal stromal cells: A new therapeutic option in regenerative medicine","volume":"119","author":"Nooshabadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y.P., Nicol, C.J.B., and Chiang, M.C. (2025). A Review of the Neuroprotective Properties of Exosomes Derived from Stem Cells and Exosome-Coated Nanoparticles for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases and Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083915"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1039\/D4BM01394H","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as drug and gene delivery vehicles in central nervous system diseases","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2023.147905","article-title":"Exosome subpopulations: The isolation and the functions in diseases","volume":"893","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C29","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00280.2019","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer","volume":"318","author":"Urabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Li, S., Dupuy, A., Mai, H.L., Sailliet, N., Log\u00e9, C., Robert, J.H., and Brouard, S. (2021). Exosomes as New Biomarkers and Drug Delivery Tools for the Prevention and Treatment of Various Diseases: Current Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22157763"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.92897","article-title":"Exosomes: The emerging mechanisms and potential clinical applications in dermatology","volume":"20","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lei, X., Ring, S., Jin, S., Singh, S., and Mahnke, K. (2025). Extracellular Vesicles and Their Role in Skin Inflammatory Diseases: From Pathogenesis to Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26083827"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00410-w","article-title":"Therapeutically harnessing extracellular vesicles","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1113\/JP282050","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles and their microRNA cargo in ischaemic stroke","volume":"601","author":"Fullerton","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, H., Hu, X., Li, L., Fang, Y., Yang, Y., Gu, J., Xu, J., and Chu, L. (2022). Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Angiogenesis in Ischemic Stroke Mice via Upregulation of MiR-21-5p. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12070883"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_1025_2024","article-title":"The preclinical and clinical trials of mesenchymal stem cell\u2019s secretome in traumatic brain injury: Review of basic science","volume":"16","author":"Yudha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1663","article-title":"Biodistribution of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in a model of acute kidney injury monitored by optical imaging","volume":"33","author":"Grange","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2015-0078","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Improve Post-Stroke Neuroregeneration and Prevent Postischemic Immunosuppression","volume":"4","author":"Doeppner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2016.1170804","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell derived secretome and extracellular vesicles for acute lung injury and other inflammatory lung diseases","volume":"16","author":"Monsel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00814-z","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Neural Progenitor Cells\u2014A Preclinical Evaluation for Stroke Treatment in Mice","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4324","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00298","article-title":"Investigating the In Vivo Biodistribution of Extracellular Vesicles Isolated from Various Human Cell Sources Using Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"21","author":"Rosenkrans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70110","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70110","article-title":"Clinical Scale MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enhance Poststroke Neuroplasticity in Rodents and Non-Human Primates","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-01921-3","article-title":"Extracellular vesicles: Emerging roles, biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in fibrotic diseases","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04743-2","article-title":"Stable production of immortalized hPC-MSC-derived extracellular vesicles: Integrated cargo analysis and functional validation","volume":"16","author":"Tong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e59","DOI":"10.1002\/jex2.59","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of extracellular vesicles administered intravenously and intranasally to Macaca nemestrina","volume":"1","author":"Driedonks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28061","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-79063-1","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells and human amniotic epithelial stem cells: A comparison of therapeutic potential","volume":"14","author":"Ge","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2025.10.020","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells in neurological disorders: Insights from clinical trials","volume":"30","author":"Serrenho","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-025-00757-2","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy in Neurotraumatic and Neurodegenerative Conditions: A Comparative Review","volume":"22","author":"Ku","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/s41536-021-00182-8","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies testing mesenchymal stromal cells for traumatic brain injury","volume":"6","author":"Pischiutta","year":"2021","journal-title":"npj Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-018-1383-2","article-title":"Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells genetically engineered to overexpress interleukin-10 promotes alternative inflammatory response in rat model of traumatic brain injury","volume":"16","author":"Peruzzaro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflammat."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4103\/bc.bc_16_18","article-title":"Wharton\u2019 jelly mesenchymal stromal cell therapy for ischemic brain injury","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Circ."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05650-6","article-title":"BMSC-Derived Exosomal miR-21a-5p Ameliorates Blood-Brain Barrier Injury and Hemorrhagic Transformation","volume":"63","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3824","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03318-7","article-title":"miR-671-5p Upregulation Attenuates Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in the Ischemia Stroke Model Via the NF-\u03baB\/MMP-9 Signaling Pathway","volume":"60","author":"Deng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2019.1711305","article-title":"Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes transfers microRNA-19a to protect cardiomyocytes from acute myocardial infarction by targeting SOX6","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v9.i8.133","article-title":"Phase I\/II randomized controlled trial of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell therapy for chronic stroke","volume":"9","author":"Tsang","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2835","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.119.026318","article-title":"Phase I\/II Study of Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Intravenous Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chronic Stroke","volume":"50","author":"Levy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ercelen, N., Karasu, N., Kahyaoglu, B., Cerezci, O., Akduman, R.C., Ercelen, D., Erturk, G., Gulay, G., Alpaydin, N., and Boyraz, G. (2023). Clinical experience: Outcomes of mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in five stroke patients. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1051831"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9636897221083863","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897221083863","article-title":"Final Results of Allogeneic Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Acute Ischemic Stroke (AMASCIS): A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Center, Pilot Clinical Trial","volume":"31","author":"Fuentes","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.5200","article-title":"Allogeneic Stem Cell Therapy for Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Phase 2\/3 TREASURE Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"81","author":"Houkin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szad080","article-title":"A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Trial of Intravenous Allogeneic Non-HLA Matched, Unrelated Donor, Cord Blood Infusion for Ischemic Stroke","volume":"13","author":"Laskowitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-020-00787-z","article-title":"Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improve Motor Recovery in Subacute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"11","author":"Jaillard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.034505","article-title":"Efficacy of Intravenous Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Motor Recovery After Ischemic Stroke: A Neuroimaging Study","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szae040","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell therapies for ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07274-x","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bone marrow mononuclear cell therapy for ischemic stroke recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"45","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.aian_736_23","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Indian Acad. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrasheed, A.S., Aljahdali, T.A., Alghafli, I.A., Alghafli, G.A., Almuslim, M.F., AlMohish, N.M., and Alabdali, M.M. (2025). Safety and Efficacy of Stem Cell Therapy in Ischemic Stroke: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14062118"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcaf361","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaf361","article-title":"Autologous bone marrow mononuclear cell administration for neurological sequelae after traumatic brain injury: A matched control study","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cesnik, A.B., and \u0160vajger, U. (2024). The issue of heterogeneity of MSC-based advanced therapy medicinal products\u2014A review. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2024.1400347"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2174\/157488810793351730","article-title":"Therapeutic window, a critical developmental stage for stem cell therapies","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcac110","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac110","article-title":"Cognitive outcome is related to functional thalamo-cortical connectivity after paediatric stroke","volume":"4","author":"Steiner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00455.2022","article-title":"Direction-dependent differences in the quality and quantity of horizontal reaching in people after stroke","volume":"130","author":"Uehara","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1177\/15459683251340916","article-title":"Trial-By-Trial Variation in Upper Extremity Movement Smoothness After Acute Stroke Relates to Clinical Assessments and Corticospinal Tract Injury","volume":"39","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, H., Cao, X., Quan, J., Zhou, H., Liu, Y., Wang, W., Wang, Z., Ju, S., Wang, Y., and Guo, Y. (2025). Brain changes in stroke patients during rehabilitation: A longitudinal study. Front. Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2025.1636135"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17772","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66279-4","article-title":"Correlation analysis of inflammatory markers with the short-term prognosis of acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7513404","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7513404","article-title":"A Review on the Effect of Plant Extract on Mesenchymal Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation","volume":"2019","author":"Saud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jang, E., Yu, H., Kim, E., Hwang, J., Yoo, J., Choi, J., Jeong, H.S., and Jang, S. (2024). The Therapeutic Effects of Blueberry-Treated Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Ischemic Stroke. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126362"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.120234","article-title":"Glycosides of Buyang Huanwu decoction alleviate cerebral infarction injury by inhibiting neuronal pyroptosis via astrocyte-derived exosomal miR-378b_L+1","volume":"352","author":"Lang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subramanian, A., Fong, C.Y., Biswas, A., and Bongso, A. (2015). Comparative Characterization of Cells from the Various Compartments of the Human Umbilical Cord Shows that the Wharton\u2019s Jelly Compartment Provides the Best Source of Clinically Utilizable Mesenchymal Stem Cells. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127992"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-017-2699-4","article-title":"Comparative analysis of human Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells derived from different parts of the same umbilical cord","volume":"372","author":"Bharti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganina, A., Baigenzhin, A., Chuvakova, E., Yerzhigit, N., Zhunussov, A., Akhayeva, A., Kozina, L., Lookin, O., and Askarov, M. (2026). Intradermal Application of Allogenic Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Chronic Post-Thoracotomy Wound in an Elderly Patient After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: Clinical Case with Brief Literature Review. Diseases, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases14010027"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.teb.2013.0664","article-title":"Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells: The new gold standard for mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies?","volume":"20","author":"Beroud","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part B Rev."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blanco-Elices, C., Chato-Astrain, J., Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez, A., S\u00e1nchez-Porras, D., Carriel, V., Fern\u00e1ndez-Valad\u00e9s, R., S\u00e1nchez-Quevedo, M.D.C., Alaminos, M., and Garz\u00f3n, I. (2022). Histological Profiling of the Human Umbilical Cord: A Potential Alternative Cell Source in Tissue Engineering. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12040648"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chetty, S., Yarani, R., Swaminathan, G., Primavera, R., Regmi, S., Rai, S., Zhong, J., Ganguly, A., and Thakor, A.S. (2022). Umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells\u2014From bench to bedside. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1006295"},{"key":"ref_194","first-page":"55224","article-title":"Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta","volume":"122","author":"Beeravolu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25375","article-title":"Freezing of Fresh Wharton\u2019s Jelly from Human Umbilical Cords Yields High Post-Thaw Mesenchymal Stem Cell Numbers for Cell-Based Therapies","volume":"117","author":"Fong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2014.08.009","article-title":"Discarded Wharton jelly of the human umbilical cord: A viable source for mesenchymal stromal cells","volume":"17","author":"Watson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, H., Al-Yatama, M.K., Abu-Farha, M., Behbehani, K., and Al Madhoun, A. (2015). Multi-lineage differentiation of human umbilical cord Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells mediates changes in the expression profile of stemness markers. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122465"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36922\/an.5582","article-title":"A narrative review on the role of stem cell therapy in stroke treatment: Current advances, mechanisms, and future prospects","volume":"4","author":"Umar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt442","article-title":"Protein synthesis and secretion in human mesenchymal cells derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue and Wharton\u2019s jelly","volume":"5","author":"Amable","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-017-0555-9","article-title":"Differential expression of cell cycle and WNT pathway-related genes accounts for differences in the growth and differentiation potential of Wharton\u2019s jelly and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"8","author":"Batsali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drobiova, H., Sindhu, S., Ahmad, R., Haddad, D., Al-Mulla, F., and Al Madhoun, A. (2023). Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells: A concise review of their secretome and prospective clinical applications. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1211217"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, H.R., Huang, H.C., Chen, I.L., and Li, S.C. (2024). Exosomes Secreted by Wharton\u2019s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote the Ability of Cell Proliferation and Migration for Keratinocyte. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094758"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Timoneri, F., Lo Iacono, M., Corrao, S., Alberti, G., Amico, G., Corsello, T., Conaldi, P.G., Russo, E., and La Rocca, G. (2025). Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells derived from preterm umbilical cord reveal a hepatogenic potential. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1626353"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2017.0029","article-title":"Human Wharton\u2019s Jelly-Derived Stem Cells Display a Distinct Immunomodulatory and Proregenerative Transcriptional Signature Compared to Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells","volume":"27","author":"Donders","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musia\u0142-Wysocka, A., Kot, M., Su\u0142kowski, M., Badyra, B., and Majka, M. (2019). Molecular and Functional Verification of Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells (WJ-MSCs) Pluripotency. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081807"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0263-2","article-title":"Chondrogenic induction of mesenchymal stromal\/stem cells from Wharton\u2019s jelly embedded in alginate hydrogel and without added growth factor: An alternative stem cell source for cartilage tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Reppel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calcat-I-Cervera, S., Sanz-Nogu\u00e9s, C., and O\u2019Brien, T. (2021). When Origin Matters: Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Different Sources for Clinical Translation in Kidney Disease. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.728496"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34527-z","article-title":"Human Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells protect axotomized rat retinal ganglion cells via secretion of anti-inflammatory and neurotrophic factors","volume":"8","author":"Blanquer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasanna, S.J., Gopalakrishnan, D., Shankar, S.R., and Vasandan, A.B. (2010). Pro-inflammatory cytokines, IFNgamma and TNFalpha, influence immune properties of human bone marrow and Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cells differentially. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009016"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1030549","article-title":"Comparative analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells from fetal-bone marrow, adipose tissue, and Warton\u2019s jelly as sources of cell immunomodulatory therapy","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0902-5","article-title":"Hypoxia with Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cell coculture maintains stemness of umbilical cord blood-derived CD34+ cells","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsieh, J.Y., Wang, H.W., Chang, S.J., Liao, K.H., Lee, I.H., Lin, W.S., Wu, C.H., Lin, W.Y., and Cheng, S.M. (2013). Mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord express preferentially secreted factors related to neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072604"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11692","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms140611692","article-title":"Wharton\u2019s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells: Phenotypic characterization and optimizing their therapeutic potential for clinical applications","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118570","article-title":"Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs), a \u201cHoly Grail\u201d in tissue bioengineering and reconstructive medicine","volume":"192","author":"Data","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, S., Lee, J., Kwon, Y., Park, K.S., Jeong, J.H., Choi, S.J., Bang, S.I., Chang, J.W., and Lee, C. (2021). Comparative Proteomic Analysis of the Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome from Adipose, Bone Marrow, Placenta and Wharton\u2019s Jelly. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020845"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.15171\/apb.2019.075","article-title":"In Vitro Assessment of Cytokine Expression Profile of MCF-7 Cells in Response to hWJ-MSCs Secretome","volume":"9","author":"Mirabdollahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31823f7685","article-title":"Expression of phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 during corneal epithelial wound healing","volume":"31","author":"Jain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1042\/BST20180079","article-title":"MSC exosome works through a protein-based mechanism of action","volume":"46","author":"Toh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavaldzhieva, K., Mladenov, N., Markova, M., and Belemezova, K. (2025). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome: Potential Applications in Human Infertility Caused by Hormonal Imbalance, External Damage, or Immune Factors. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030586"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.04.011","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells protect CNS neurons against glutamate excitotoxicity by inhibiting glutamate receptor expression and function","volume":"236","author":"Fairless","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papazian, I., Kyrargyri, V., Evangelidou, M., Voulgari-Kokota, A., and Probert, L. (2018). Mesenchymal Stem Cell Protection of Neurons against Glutamate Excitotoxicity Involves Reduction of NMDA-Triggered Calcium Responses and Surface GluR1, and Is Partly Mediated by TNF. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030651"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Belov Kirdajova, D., Kriska, J., Tureckova, J., and Anderova, M. (2020). Ischemia-Triggered Glutamate Excitotoxicity from the Perspective of Glial Cells. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00051"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7728","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.5c00646","article-title":"Targeted Delivery of mGluR5 Agonists via Engineered hucMSC-Derived EVs to Enhance Macrophage Function and Mitigate Glutamate-Induced Toxicity","volume":"8","author":"Khushi","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-04269-w","article-title":"Dynamic changes in BDNF, VEGF, and GDNF after transplanting human protein-based scaffolds with Wharton\u2019s Jelly MSCs in a rat brain injury model","volume":"15","author":"Lech","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_225","first-page":"233","article-title":"The Potential of Human Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretome Based Topical Gel for Therapeutic Application","volume":"16","author":"Widowati","year":"2024","journal-title":"Avicenna J. Med. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9636897241296366","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897241296366","article-title":"Transplantation of Exosomes Derived from Human Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhances Functional Improvement in Stroke Rats","volume":"33","author":"Chiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/scrt109","article-title":"The secretome of stem cells isolated from the adipose tissue and Wharton jelly acts differently on central nervous system derived cell populations","volume":"3","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2015.02.001","article-title":"Exosome and exosomal microRNA: Trafficking, sorting, and function","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genom. Proteom. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1274","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1274","article-title":"Wharton\u2019s Jelly mesenchymal stromal cell-derived extracellular vesicles promote nucleus pulposus cell anabolism in an in vitro 3D alginate-bead culture model","volume":"7","author":"Tilotta","year":"2023","journal-title":"JOR Spine"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-023-10595-1","article-title":"MicroRNA Cargo in Wharton\u2019s Jelly MSC Small Extracellular Vesicles: Key Functionality to In Vitro Prevention and Treatment of Premature White Matter Injury","volume":"19","author":"Tscherrig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doyle, L.M., and Wang, M.Z. (2019). Overview of Extracellular Vesicles, Their Origin, Composition, Purpose, and Methods for Exosome Isolation and Analysis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8070727"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.05.004","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell secretome for regenerative medicine: Where do we stand?","volume":"70","author":"Trigo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, N.E., Kim, J.E., Bang, C.Y., and Bang, O.Y. (2025). Nano-Encapsulated Spicule System Enhances Delivery of Wharton\u2019s Jelly MSC Secretome and Promotes Skin Rejuvenation: Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262010024"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2025.102715","article-title":"miRNAs from mesenchymal-stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles: Emerging players in regenerative medicine and disease therapy","volume":"36","author":"Shahsavandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.61186\/ibj.4357","article-title":"Unraveling the Exosome-miR-133a Axis: Targeting TGF-\u03b2 Signaling via WJ-MSC-Derived Exosomes for Anti-Fibrotic Therapy in Liver Fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Saki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-019-1446-z","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal microRNA-133b suppresses glioma progression via Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway by targeting EZH2","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FSO627","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2020-0036","article-title":"Human Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells protect neural cells from oxidative stress through paracrine mechanisms","volume":"6","author":"Lindoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Sci. OA"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-015-0124-z","article-title":"Do hypoxia\/normoxia culturing conditions change the neuroregulatory profile of Wharton Jelly mesenchymal stem cell secretome?","volume":"6","author":"Teixeira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03845-7","article-title":"Hypoxia-preconditioned WJ-MSC spheroid-derived exosomes delivering miR-210 for renal cell restoration in hypoxia-reoxygenation injury","volume":"15","author":"Toghiani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-021-00881-9","article-title":"Small extracellular vesicles obtained from hypoxic mesenchymal stromal cells have unique characteristics that promote cerebral angiogenesis, brain remodeling and neurological recovery after focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"116","author":"Gregorius","year":"2021","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220919361","article-title":"Normobaric intermittent hypoxic training regulates microglia phenotype and enhances phagocytic activity","volume":"245","author":"Tantingco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-03083-9","article-title":"Infarct-preconditioning exosomes of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promoted vascular remodeling and neurological recovery after stroke in rats","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoyanova, T., Topalova, L., Kyurkchiev, S., Komsa-Penkova, R., Todinova, S., and Altankov, G. (2025). Selective Paracrine Modulation of Stromal Cells: Wharton\u2019s Jelly MSC Secretome Enhances Adipose-Derived MSC Functionality While Maintaining Dermal Fibroblast Quiescence. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.1359.v1"},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103782","DOI":"10.5492\/wjccm.v14.i4.103782","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of exosomes from Wharton\u2019s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells in traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Kabatas","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.10.022","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles attenuate tPA-induced blood-brain barrier disruption in murine ischemic stroke models","volume":"154","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03287-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal\/stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes in clinical trials","volume":"14","author":"Lotfy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.78000","article-title":"Intranasal Wharton\u2019s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy, Alone or in Conjunction with Therapeutic Hypothermia, Alleviates Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury in Mice","volume":"98","author":"Vaes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2025.10.008","article-title":"Brain on the mend: Induced mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies promote functional recovery in rats with neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury","volume":"28","author":"Serrenho","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-016-9897-8","article-title":"Retinoic acid-pretreated Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cells in combination with triiodothyronine improve expression of neurotrophic factors in the subventricular zone of the rat ischemic brain injury","volume":"32","author":"Sabbaghziarani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70357","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70357","article-title":"Efficacy and Potential Mechanisms of Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke in Animal Models: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2025.111219","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis of preclinical studies","volume":"221","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1177\/0963689718802754","article-title":"Neuroprotective Action of Human Wharton\u2019s Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplants in a Rodent Model of Stroke","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Transplant."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71282","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71282","article-title":"Therapeutic Effect of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Loaded With miR-9-5p on Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage in Neonatal Rats","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9790","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.27297","article-title":"Comparison between the effect of human Wharton\u2019s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells and levetiracetam on brain infarcts in rats","volume":"119","author":"Hussein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-024-01266-5","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Obtained from Hypoxic Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Induce Neurological Recovery, Anti-inflammation, and Brain Remodeling After Distal Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Abuzan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Stroke Res."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70053","DOI":"10.1002\/kjm2.70053","article-title":"Hypoxia-Enhanced Wharton\u2019s Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Liver Fibrosis: A Comparative Study in a Rat Model","volume":"41","author":"Kuo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_257","first-page":"16","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell secretome and extracellular vesicles for neurodegenerative diseases: Risk-benefit profile and next steps for the market access","volume":"29","author":"Giovannelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2018.0242","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Fibroblast-to-Myofibroblast Differentiation in Inflammatory Environments and Benefit Cardioprotective Effects","volume":"28","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-018-0903-4","article-title":"Early gestational mesenchymal stem cell secretome attenuates experimental bronchopulmonary dysplasia in part via exosome-associated factor TSG-6","volume":"9","author":"Chaubey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_260","first-page":"e123416","article-title":"TGF\u03b21-Pretreated Exosomes of Wharton Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cell as a Therapeutic Strategy for Improving Liver Fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Jalali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepat. Mon."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03368-7","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells-derived extracellular vesicles as a potentially more beneficial therapeutic strategy than MSC-based treatment in a mild metabolic osteoarthritis model","volume":"14","author":"Warmink","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, S., Li, G., Zhang, J., Chen, X., Su, J., and Zhou, F. (2023). Mesenchymal Stromal Cells-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Potential Treatments for Osteoarthritis. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071814"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14375","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S556625","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Novel Cell-Free Therapeutic Strategy and Diagnostic Biomarker","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100074","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v15.i2.100074","article-title":"Evaluating Wharton\u2019s jelly-derived stem cell therapy in autism: Insights from a case study","volume":"15","author":"Akhtar","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/17582024.2025.2553499","article-title":"Intravenous vs intrathecal transplantation of allogeneic GMP\/GCP compliant Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells in ALS patients: A phase I study","volume":"16","author":"Karimi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis. Manag."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04690-y","article-title":"The transforming role of wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for diabetic foot ulcer healing: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"16","author":"Kishta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-023-05934-3","article-title":"Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells preserve endogenous insulin production in type 1 diabetes: A Phase I\/II randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Carlsson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_268","first-page":"45","article-title":"In vitro and In vivo Studies on Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Ischemic Stroke Therapy: A Scoping Review of The Therapeutic Effect","volume":"18","author":"Rinendyaputri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning Adv. Appl."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v16.i6.641","article-title":"Safety and efficiency of Wharton\u2019s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell administration in patients with traumatic brain injury: First results of a phase I study","volume":"16","author":"Kabatas","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_270","first-page":"1","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Exosomes from Whartons Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"13","author":"Savrunlu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bari, E., Perteghella, S., Di Silvestre, D., Sorlini, M., Catenacci, L., Sorrenti, M., Marrubini, G., Rossi, R., Tripodo, G., and Mauri, P. (2018). Pilot Production of Mesenchymal Stem\/Stromal Freeze-Dried Secretome for Cell-Free Regenerative Nanomedicine: A Validated GMP-Compliant Process. Cells, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7110190"},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Driscoll, J., Yan, I.K., and Patel, T. (2022). Development of a Lyophilized Off-the-Shelf Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Acellular Therapeutic. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040849"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21037\/sci-2020-037","article-title":"Exosomal therapy\u2014A new frontier in regenerative medicine","volume":"8","author":"Muthu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Investig."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2025.03.004","article-title":"Milking mesenchymal stem cells: Updated protocols for cell lysate, secretome, and exosome extraction, and comparative analysis of their therapeutic potential","volume":"238","author":"Hejazian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1002\/nep3.27","article-title":"The potential of a combined cell-based therapy and rehabilitation approach for stroke recovery","volume":"1","author":"Bakreen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroprotection"},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X.L., Zhang, X.G., Huang, Y.R., Zheng, Y.Y., Ying, P.J., Zhang, X.J., Lu, X., Wang, Y.J., and Zheng, G.Q. (2021). Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Experimental Ischemic Stroke: A Preclinical Systematic Review. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.628908"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"szaf082","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szaf082","article-title":"Cell therapy for stroke and spinal cord injury in clinical trials","volume":"15","author":"Fan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70577","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70577","article-title":"Advances in Neurodegenerative Disease Therapy: Stem Cell Clinical Trials and Promise of Engineered Exosomes","volume":"31","author":"Isik","year":"2025","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Nieto, D., Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, L., P\u00e9rez-Rigueiro, J., Guinea, G.V., and Panetsos, F. (2018). Hydrogels-Assisted Cell Engraftment for Repairing the Stroke-Damaged Brain: Chimera or Reality. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10020184"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6184","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08280","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles and Hydrogels: An Innovative Approach to Tissue Regeneration","volume":"9","author":"Hashemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2023.0330","article-title":"An Injectable Hydrogel Loaded with GMSCs-Derived Neural Lineage Cells Promotes Recovery after Stroke","volume":"30","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2101329","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101329","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix-Mimetic Hydrogels for Treating Neural Tissue Injury: A Focus on Fibrin, Hyaluronic Acid, and Elastin-like Polypeptide Hydrogels","volume":"10","author":"Nelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_283","first-page":"353","article-title":"Graphene Oxide-Embedded Extracellular Matrix-Derived Hydrogel as a Multiresponsive Platform for 3D Bioprinting Applications","volume":"7","author":"Serna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprinting"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e07590","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202507590","article-title":"3D Printing for Neural Repair: Bridging the Gap in Regenerative Medicine","volume":"37","author":"Yue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., and Riew, T.R. (2025). Nanoparticle-Mediated Nose-to-Brain Delivery for Ischemic Stroke Therapy: Preclinical Insights. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111447"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/8\/775\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:44:05Z","timestamp":1784799845000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/8\/775"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":285,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16080775"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16080775","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]}}}