{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:16:07Z","timestamp":1785402967394,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment (CACI) is a common long-term complication of cancer treatment that predominantly affects attention, executive function, information processing, and working memory. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding its molecular basis, the relationship between chemotherapy-induced neurobiological alterations and the functional organization of working memory remains incompletely understood. This narrative review aims to integrate current evidence on the neuroanatomical organization of working memory, the molecular mechanisms underlying CACI, and neuroimaging findings in patients receiving chemotherapy. The review summarizes current knowledge regarding mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood\u2013brain barrier disruption, purinergic signaling, and chemotherapy-specific mechanisms of central nervous system injury. Furthermore, the principal mechanisms by which commonly used chemotherapeutic agents reach or indirectly affect the brain are discussed. Clinical neuroimaging findings from selected malignancies are interpreted within the framework of the four-component model of working memory, including the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, central executive, and episodic buffer. Current evidence indicates that chemotherapy induces structural and functional alterations involving the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, hippocampus, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, angular gyrus, and associated neural networks. These changes are accompanied by disturbances in executive control, visuospatial processing, verbal working memory, and multimodal information integration. However, considerable heterogeneity among available studies and the difficulty in distinguishing cancer-related from chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment remain major limitations. By integrating molecular, neuroanatomical, and neuroimaging evidence, this review proposes a conceptual framework linking chemotherapy-induced brain alterations with dysfunction of specific working memory components. Future longitudinal studies combining multimodal neuroimaging, molecular biomarkers, and standardized neuropsychological assessment are needed to identify chemotherapy-specific patterns of cognitive dysfunction and support the development of personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies for cancer survivors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16080805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:09:42Z","timestamp":1785398982000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Working Memory Impairment Induced by Chemotherapy\u2014A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0124-3501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikola M.","family":"Stojanovi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Protection, University Clinical Centre Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihajlo","family":"Marjanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8543-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan N.","family":"Petkovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Protection, University Clinical Centre Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana Kosti\u0107","family":"Petrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Mental Health Protection, University Clinical Centre Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milica","family":"Radi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinics for Oncology, University Clinical Centre Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/90.3.210","article-title":"Impairment of cognitive function in women receiving adjuvant treatment for high-risk breast cancer: High-dose versus standard-dose chemotherapy","volume":"90","author":"Schagen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2002.20.2.485","article-title":"Neuropsychologic impact of standard-dose systemic chemotherapy in long-term survivors of breast cancer and lymphoma","volume":"20","author":"Ahles","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21469","article-title":"A meta-analysis of studies of the effects of cancer chemotherapy on various domains of cognitive function","volume":"104","author":"Jansen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000064","article-title":"A meta-analysis of cognitive impairment following adult cancer chemotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Lindner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210130","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000210130","article-title":"Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and changes in neural network dynamics: A systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Leskinen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Boogaard, W.M.C., Komninos, D.S.J., and Vermeij, W.P. (2022). Chemotherapy side-effects: Not all DNA damage is equal. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14030627"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"70","article-title":"The side effects of chemotherapeutic agents","volume":"19","author":"Carr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Anaesth. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-025-01034-0","article-title":"The role of the gut microbiota in chemotherapy response, efficacy and toxicity: A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Russ","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Precis. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2011.05.012","article-title":"Cognitive side effects of cancer therapy demonstrate a functional role for adult neurogenesis","volume":"227","author":"Monje","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-021-03171-4","article-title":"Four decades of chemotherapy-induced cognitive dysfunction: Comprehensive review of clinical, animal and in vitro studies, and insights of key initiating events","volume":"96","author":"Ferreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.09.006","article-title":"Neurobiological basis of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: A review of rodent research","volume":"35","author":"Seigers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Carroll, J.B. (2009). Human Cognitive Abilities, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dong, H., and Wang, S. (2026). Impact of physical activity on children\u2019s cognitive function and its educational applications: A narrative literature review. Front. Psychol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1720391"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramesh, S. (2022). The theories of cognitive development. The Political Economy of Human Behaviour and Economic Development, Palgrave Macmillan.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-12666-6"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.07.015","article-title":"Physical activity promotes brain development through serotonin during early childhood","volume":"554","author":"Jing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250402","article-title":"Development of dementing illnesses in an 80-year-old volunteer cohort","volume":"25","author":"Katzman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krnjaji\u0107, M., Mudri, \u017d., Bari\u0161i\u0107, M., Bara\u0107, I., Vujani\u0107, J., \u010cebohin, M., Lovri\u0107, R., Major Poljak, K., and Far\u010di\u0107, N. (2026). Cognitive functioning in rural older adults: The mediating role of perceived social support. Healthcare, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare14020152"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-018-9991-0","article-title":"Longitudinal investigation of cognitive deficits in breast cancer patients and their gray matter correlates: Impact of education level","volume":"14","author":"Perrier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"67","article-title":"Probability of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in breast cancer survivors based on gray-matter structural network efficiency","volume":"9","author":"Kesler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000425","article-title":"The stability of cognitive abilities: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"150","author":"Breit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X18666200221113842","article-title":"An overview on chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment and potential role of antidepressants","volume":"18","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyae268","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyae268","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment and its long-term development in patients with breast cancer: Results from the observational CICARO study","volume":"30","author":"Kerkmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71383","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71383","article-title":"Chemobrain and cancer survivorship: A scoping review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Rovito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-016-3939-0","article-title":"Long-term chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy among breast cancer survivors: Prevalence, risk factors, and fall risk","volume":"159","author":"Bao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Cui, F., Yang, Y., Zhang, Q., Zeng, L., Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Huang, J., and Wang, W. (2026). Advances in neuroimaging in cancer-related cognitive impairment. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 20.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2026.1738024"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.58","article-title":"Working memory and attention\u2014A conceptual analysis and review","volume":"2","author":"Oberauer","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cogn."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.023","article-title":"Working memory 2.0","volume":"100","author":"Miller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, W.J., Abd Hamid, A.I., and Abdullah, J.M. (2018). Working memory from the psychological and neurosciences perspectives: A review. Front. Psychol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00401"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650X.2023.2263199","article-title":"Patterns of language and visuospatial functional lateralization and cognitive ability: A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Bayliss","year":"2024","journal-title":"Laterality"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2016.01.002","article-title":"Visual perception is dependent on visuospatial working memory and thus on the posterior parietal cortex","volume":"60","author":"Pisella","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bht320","article-title":"Intraparietal sulcus activity and functional connectivity supporting spatial working memory manipulation","volume":"25","author":"Bray","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2023.102809","article-title":"Fast Hebbian plasticity and working memory","volume":"83","author":"Lansner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhx015","article-title":"Intertemporal decision-making involves prefrontal control mechanisms associated with working memory","volume":"28","author":"Jimura","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6802","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0901894106","article-title":"Mechanism for top-down control of working memory capacity","volume":"106","author":"Edin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7754","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhad077","article-title":"Mechanisms regulating the properties of inhibition-based gamma oscillations in primate prefrontal and parietal cortices","volume":"33","author":"Miyamae","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2012.05.003","article-title":"Bilateral basal ganglia activity in verbal working memory","volume":"125","author":"Moore","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2024","article-title":"Prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia control access to working memory","volume":"11","author":"McNab","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24912","article-title":"Anterior cingulate cortex differently modulates frontoparietal functional connectivity between resting-state and working memory tasks","volume":"41","author":"Di","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01988","article-title":"The neural correlates of updating and gating in procedural working memory","volume":"35","author":"Egner","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61099-0","article-title":"Striatal dopamine can enhance both fast working memory, and slow reinforcement learning, while reducing implicit effort cost sensitivity","volume":"16","author":"Westbrook","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz5891","article-title":"Dopamine promotes cognitive effort by biasing the benefits versus costs of cognitive work","volume":"367","author":"Westbrook","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01917","article-title":"Is there an activity-silent working memory?","volume":"34","author":"Oberauer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pals, M., Stewart, T.C., Aky\u00fcrek, E.G., and Borst, J.P. (2020). A functional spiking-neuron model of activity-silent working memory in humans based on calcium-mediated short-term synaptic plasticity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1007936"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0414-3","article-title":"Circuit mechanisms for the maintenance and manipulation of information in working memory","volume":"22","author":"Masse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah7011","article-title":"Reactivation of latent working memories with transcranial magnetic stimulation","volume":"354","author":"Rose","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Camina, E., and G\u00fcell, F. (2017). The neuroanatomical, neurophysiological and psychological basis of memory: Current models and their origins. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00438"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Q., Deng, J., Yao, M., Xu, C., Liu, D., Guo, L., and Zhu, Y. (2023). Effects of physical activity on visuospatial working memory in healthy individuals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1103003"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2675","article-title":"Perturbing human V1 degrades the fidelity of visual working memory","volume":"16","author":"Dake","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-120710-100422","article-title":"Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies","volume":"63","author":"Baddeley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00380.2016","article-title":"Human parietal cortex lesions impact the precision of spatial working memory","volume":"116","author":"Mackey","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2024.104246","article-title":"Examining the role of the visuospatial sketchpad in children\u2019s math calculation skills using Baddeley and Hitch\u2019s model of working memory","volume":"246","author":"McGonnell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.05.015","article-title":"The phonological loop as a buffer store: An update","volume":"112","author":"Baddeley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2018.11.010","article-title":"A sensorimotor view of verbal working memory","volume":"112","author":"Buchsbaum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12575","article-title":"Phonological similarity in the serial recall task hinders item recall, not just order","volume":"113","author":"Roodenrys","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-020-05886-9","article-title":"The phonological loop: Is speech special?","volume":"238","author":"Deschamps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/17470218241290909","article-title":"The multicomponent model of working memory fifty years on","volume":"78","author":"Hitch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Q. J. Exp. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"A domain-general cognitive core defined in multisite task-based fMRI experiments","volume":"370","author":"Assem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4384","article-title":"The anterior cingulate cortex and the value of control","volume":"19","author":"Shenhav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acab060","article-title":"Developing the concept of working memory: The role of neuropsychology","volume":"36","author":"Baddeley","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sridhar, S., Khamaj, A., and Asthana, M.K. (2023). Cognitive neuroscience perspective on memory: Overview and summary. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2023.1217093"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-016-1227-z","article-title":"Bindings in working memory: The role of object-based attention","volume":"79","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atten. Percept. Psychophys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levy, D.A. (2012). Towards an understanding of parietal mnemonic processes: Some conceptual guideposts. Front. Integr. Neurosci., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2012.00041"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.048454.118","article-title":"Fronto-parietal contributions to episodic retrieval\u2014Evidence from neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"26","author":"Ramanan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Learn. Mem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2007.02.027","article-title":"Dissociation of the neural correlates of recognition memory according to familiarity, recollection, and amount of recollected information","volume":"45","author":"Vilberg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.6","article-title":"The contribution of the human posterior parietal cortex to episodic memory","volume":"18","author":"Sestieri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/0974150X20210401","article-title":"Assessment of chemo fog among breast cancer survivors: A pilot study","volume":"17","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Midwifery Res. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acr.2022.04.001","article-title":"Chemobrain: A review on mechanistic insight, targets and treatments","volume":"155","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2015.06.019","article-title":"Impact of cancer and its treatments on cognitive function: Advances in research from the Paris International Cognition and Cancer Task Force Symposium and update since 2012","volume":"50","author":"Joly","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manag."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-95380-5","article-title":"The chemobrain in breast cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Godaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjon.2023.100334","article-title":"Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment: What we need to know and what we can do","volume":"11","author":"Miyashita","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"126","article-title":"Exploring the role of APOE4 genotype in chemo brain or chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment","volume":"4","author":"Chofor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sch. Res. Prog."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez, H.R., Varma, A., Flowers, S.A., and Rebeck, G.W. (2020). Cancer chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and the impact of the Alzheimer\u2019s disease risk factor APOE. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123842"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-021-01055-1","article-title":"Subjective cognition and mood in persistent chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Vega","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Surviv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2021.100047","article-title":"Crosstalk between anticancer drugs and mitochondrial functions","volume":"2","author":"Sahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118581","article-title":"Cognitive dysfunction in chemobrain: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications","volume":"192","author":"Kim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05292","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"443","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuznetsov, A.V., Margreiter, R., Ausserlechner, M.J., and Hagenbuchner, J. (2022). The complex interplay between mitochondria, ROS and entire cellular metabolism. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101995"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6533","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-021-03925-4","article-title":"Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: Focus on the intersection of oxidative stress and TNF\u03b1","volume":"78","author":"Rummel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Li, A., Yuan, Z., and Cheng, J. (2024). Roles of microglial calcium channels in neurodegenerative diseases. Hum. Brain, 3.","DOI":"10.37819\/hb.1.1806"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2021.12337","article-title":"Ginsenoside Re exhibits neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuroinflammation via CAMK\/MAPK\/NF-\u03baB signaling in microglia","volume":"24","author":"Madhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"sxaf050","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxaf050","article-title":"Neuronal branching in stem cell models of mitochondrial and neurological diseases","volume":"43","author":"Lickfett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.01.001","article-title":"Dysregulation of cytokine-mediated chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment","volume":"117","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5626","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1474-9","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 prevents chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment: Associations with microglia-mediated cytokines, neuroinflammation, and neuroplasticity","volume":"56","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-022-00879-6","article-title":"Mitochondrial-derived damage-associated molecular patterns amplify neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"43","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djx085","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx085","article-title":"Changes in Brain Structural Networks and Cognitive Functions in Testicular Cancer Patients Receiving Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy","volume":"109","author":"Amidi","year":"2017","journal-title":"JNCI J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2019.02.007","article-title":"Plausible biochemical mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (\u201cchemobrain\u201d), a condition that significantly impairs the quality of life of many cancer survivors","volume":"1865","author":"Ren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20251182","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2025-1182","article-title":"Necroptosis of hippocampal neurons in paclitaxel chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment mediates microglial activation via TLR4\/MyD88 signaling pathway","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Med."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaiswara, P.K., and Shukla, S.K. (2023). Chemotherapy-mediated neuronal aberration. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16081165"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2206415119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2206415119","article-title":"Adenosine A2A receptor blockade prevents cisplatin-induced impairments in neurogenesis and cognitive function","volume":"119","author":"Oliveros","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70177","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70177","article-title":"Dysregulation of astrocytic ATP\/adenosine release in the hippocampus cause cognitive and affective disorders: Molecular mechanisms, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Illes","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Was, H., Borkowska, A., Bagues, A., Tu, L., Liu, J.Y.H., Lu, Z., Rudd, J.A., Nurgali, K., and Abalo, R. (2022). Mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced neurotoxicity. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.750507"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s11302-024-09988-9","article-title":"The impact of purine nucleosides on neuroplasticity in the adult brain","volume":"21","author":"Piermartiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Purinergic Signal."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira-de-S\u00e1, A., Louren\u00e7o, V.S., Canas, P.M., and Cunha, R.A. (2021). Adenosine A2A receptors as biomarkers of brain diseases. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.702581"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, S., Ni, J., Yan, F., Yin, N., Li, X., Ma, R., Wu, J., Zhou, G., and Feng, J. (2022). Functional changes of the prefrontal cortex, insula, caudate and associated cognitive impairment (chemobrain) in NSCLC patients receiving different chemotherapy regimen. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1027515"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-022-06597-1","article-title":"Multimodal MRI examination of structural and functional brain changes in older women with breast cancer in the first year of antiestrogen hormonal therapy","volume":"194","author":"McDonald","year":"2022","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.70386","article-title":"Dose-dependent impairment of brain functional and microstructural connectivity during leukaemia chemotherapy","volume":"208","author":"Scott","year":"2026","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"6123","article-title":"Lack of cognitive impairment in long-term survivors of colorectal cancer","volume":"30","author":"Vardy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6306-2_12","article-title":"Is systemic anti-cancer therapy neurotoxic? Does chemo brain exist? And should we rename it?","volume":"678","author":"Taillibert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-015-0319-6","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic properties of anticancer agents for the treatment of central nervous system tumors: Update of the literature","volume":"55","author":"Jacus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angeli, E., Nguyen, T.T., Janin, A., and Bousquet, G. (2019). How to make anticancer drugs cross the blood\u2013brain barrier to treat brain metastases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010022"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.21","article-title":"From blood\u2013brain barrier to blood\u2013brain interface: New opportunities for CNS drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Banks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.18433\/jpps30608","article-title":"CNS penetration of cyclophosphamide and metabolites in mice bearing group 3 medulloblastoma and non-tumor-bearing mice","volume":"22","author":"Campagne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/jbiol69","article-title":"Systemic 5-fluorouracil treatment causes a syndrome of delayed myelin destruction in the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.063172","article-title":"Copper transporters and the cellular pharmacology of the platinum-containing cancer drugs","volume":"77","author":"Howell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.109.056416","article-title":"Mechanistic comparison of human high-affinity copper transporter 1-mediated transport between copper ion and cisplatin","volume":"76","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v8.i4.329","article-title":"Platinum-induced neurotoxicity: A review of possible mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Kanat","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3677","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-025-01561-5","article-title":"Transcriptomic profiling of senescence effects on blood\u2013brain barrier-related gene expression in brain capillary endothelial cells in a mouse model of paclitaxel-induced chemobrain","volume":"47","author":"Patai","year":"2025","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alhowail, A.H. (2025). Paclitaxel-induced cognitive impairment: Mechanistic insights. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1684006"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30324","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25718","article-title":"Doxorubicin-induced elevated oxidative stress and neurochemical alterations in brain and cognitive decline: Protection by MESNA and insights into mechanisms of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (\u201cchemobrain\u201d)","volume":"9","author":"Keeney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Wang, B., Wang, X., Wu, M., Yan, Z., Xu, X., and Yan, S. (2025). Brain functional and structural changes of breast cancer after chemotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuropsychol. Rev., 1\u201318.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-025-09681-7"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chand, G.B., Wu, J., Hajjar, I., and Qiu, D. (2017). Interactions of insula subdivisions-based networks with default-mode and central-executive networks in mild cognitive impairment. Front. Aging Neurosci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00367"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2012.11.001","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the effects of chemotherapy on cognition in patients with cancer","volume":"39","author":"Hodgson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4434","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.27.0827","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of cognitive changes associated with adjuvant treatment for breast cancer: Impact of age and cognitive reserve","volume":"28","author":"Ahles","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, Y., Cheng, A.S.K., Song, T., Sheng, X., Cheng, H., Qiu, Y., Xie, J., and Chan, C.C.H. (2019). Changes in functional brain networks and neurocognitive function in Chinese gynecological cancer patients after chemotherapy: A prospective longitudinal study. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-5576-6"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Zhong, Y., and Hu, Y. (2025). Altered frontotemporal glucose metabolism following radiotherapy and\/or chemotherapy for cervical cancer. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1598913"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.6184","article-title":"Psychological and behavioral symptoms in patients with melanoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"32","author":"Danielsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ellis, B., Nguyen, J.Q., Ray, I., Riddle, T., Hill, A., Yu, R., Rowland, K., and Shi, Z. (2026). Altered spatial patterns of intrinsic brain activity and cognitive decline in colorectal cancer survivors. J. Cancer Surviv., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-025-01963-6"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Zhou, D., Zhang, Y., Li, H., and Cong, F. (Res. Sq., 2025). Cancer-related fatigue is associated with frontoparietal and motor network dysfunction: Insights from a functional MRI study of patients with gastrointestinal tumors, Res. Sq., \u00a0preprint.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6940138\/v1"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-24-3041","article-title":"Cancer-related cognitive impairment and the potential of dietary interventions for the prevention and mitigation of neurodegeneration","volume":"85","author":"Crowder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-99326-9","article-title":"Brain structural alterations and cognitive dysfunction in lung cancer patients without brain metastasis","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7820","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-24-1321","article-title":"Disrupted neurovascular coupling in patients with lung cancer after chemotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13143401","article-title":"Late neurological and cognitive sequelae and long-term monitoring of classical Hodgkin lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma survivors: A systematic review by the Fondazione Italiana Linfomi","volume":"13","author":"Franceschetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v14.i7.1062","article-title":"Clinical study of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ditchfield, C., Gates, P., Dom\u00ednguez, D.J.F., Dhillon, H.M., Dore, V., Wilson, C., and Caeyenberghs, K. (2025). Cognitive impairment and brain atrophy in patients with newly diagnosed aggressive lymphoma undergoing standard chemotherapy: A normative analysis. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1601459"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22368","article-title":"Smaller regional volumes of brain gray and white matter demonstrated in breast cancer survivors exposed to adjuvant chemotherapy","volume":"109","author":"Inagaki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpt.12071","article-title":"Cancer \u2018survivor-care\u2019: II. Disruption of prefrontal brain activation top-down control of working memory capacity as possible mechanism for chemo-fog\/brain (chemotherapy-associated cognitive impairment)","volume":"38","author":"Raffa","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709090316","article-title":"Long-term cognitive function following chemotherapy in patients with testicular cancer","volume":"15","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scherling, C., Collins, B., Mackenzie, J., Bielajew, C., and Smith, A. (2011). Pre-chemotherapy differences in visuospatial working memory in breast cancer patients compared to controls: An fMRI study. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2011.00122"},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"Wallis, N.J. (2013). Effects of Chemotherapy on Neural Processes During Cognitive Functioning in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients: An fMRI Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ottawa]."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-013-9244-1","article-title":"Chemotherapy altered brain functional connectivity in women with breast cancer: A pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Dumas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-019-01331-2","article-title":"Impaired brain dopamine transporter in chemobrain patients submitted to brain SPECT imaging using the technetium-99m labeled tracer TRODAT-1","volume":"33","author":"Vitor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"dmm049161","article-title":"Insights into cisplatin-induced neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"15","author":"Bergamino","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2021.105800","article-title":"Fractionating the episodic buffer","volume":"154","author":"Twick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1971-19.2019","article-title":"Progression from feature-specific brain activity to hippocampal binding during episodic encoding","volume":"40","author":"Cooper","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley-Garcia, M., Winocur, G., and Sekeres, M.J. (2022). Episodic memory and recollection network disruptions following chemotherapy treatment in breast cancer survivors: A review of neuroimaging findings. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194752"},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"591","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatment for cancer- and chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in survivors of non-CNS malignancies","volume":"32","author":"Chung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncology"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, V.C., Lin, K.Y., Tsai, Y.H., and Weng, J.C. (2020). Connectome analysis of brain functional network alterations in breast cancer survivors with and without chemotherapy. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232548"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-012-9213-0","article-title":"Differences in verbal memory retrieval in breast cancer chemotherapy patients compared to healthy controls: A prospective fMRI study","volume":"7","author":"Scherling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2248","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-022-00695-w","article-title":"Alterations in degree centrality and cognitive function in breast cancer patients after chemotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-016-4578-x","article-title":"Altered intrinsic brain activity after chemotherapy in patients with gastric cancer: A preliminary study","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.31083\/j.jin2308151","article-title":"Resting-state brain function alteration in colorectal cancer patients","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Integr. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/8\/805\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T08:38:32Z","timestamp":1785400712000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/8\/805"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":141,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16080805"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16080805","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}