{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T16:40:58Z","timestamp":1792514458454,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Zealand College of Chiropractic"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/056y35868","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Australian Spinal Research Foundation (ASRF), Australia"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05sgg2765","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NCMIC Foundation, Iowa, USA"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01aazm409","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hamblin Trust, New Zealand"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Large-scale dysfunction in the default mode (DMN), salience (SN), and central executive (CEN) networks characterises conditions affecting affective, cognitive, and autonomic regulation. Chronic low back pain (CLBP) shows hyperactive salience signalling, disrupted DMN processing, and impaired executive regulation. Chiropractic adjustments modulate cortical excitability, yet whether these extend to oscillatory reorganisation is unknown. This exploratory secondary analysis aimed to determine whether chiropractic care is associated with frequency- and network-specific changes in source-localised EEG connectivity within and between the DMN, SN, and CEN in adults with CLBP. Methods: Seventy-six adults with CLBP were randomised to chiropractic plus usual care (n = 38) or usual care alone (n = 38). EEG was recorded during resting-state and SEP paradigms at baseline, post-intervention, and four weeks. Source activity was reconstructed with sLORETA and PLI computed across theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. For each condition, Fisher-z network-mean PLI was analysed in separate network-by-band linear mixed-effects models with Group, Session, and their interaction as fixed effects and a random intercept for a unique participant identifier; ROI-level changes were examined with cluster-based permutation tests, with inference at the connected-component level. Results: Resting-state alpha-band connectivity within the default mode network was higher in the chiropractic group both immediately after care and at four-week follow-up (both q&lt;0.001), alongside additional frequency- and network-specific effects. Region-level analyses identified a distributed alpha-band network spanning most triple-network regions, in which resting-state connectivity increased in the chiropractic group after care (pFWE=0.003; Holm-adjusted p=0.042). For the somatosensory evoked recordings, no network-level interaction survived multiple-comparison correction; the distributed connectivity changes identified in exploratory region-level analyses are therefore considered preliminary. Conclusions: Chiropractic adjustments are associated with frequency-specific changes in resting-state connectivity within the DMN, SN, and CEN. These findings are hypothesis-generating and require confirmation in adequately powered, pre-registered trials before they can be interpreted as a neurophysiological basis for improvements in pain, mood, fatigue, sleep, or quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16080818","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:02:01Z","timestamp":1785510121000},"page":"818","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Chiropractic Care Is Associated with Frequency-Specific Reorganisation of Triple-Network Brain Dynamics: A Source-Localised EEG Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8887-4244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usman","family":"Ghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran Khan","family":"Niazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Sensory\u2013Motor Interactions, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Health & Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5135-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitika","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0046-7260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelly","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moeez","family":"Ashfaque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1688-4448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit N.","family":"Pujari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK"},{"name":"School of Engineering, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6846-2090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernest Nlandu","family":"Kamavuako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Robotics Research, Department of Informatics, King\u2019s College London, London WC2G 4BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9832-5740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Ontario Tech University, Oshawa, ON L1G 0C5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7182-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Haavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04727-z","article-title":"The contemporary model of vertebral column joint dysfunction and impact of high-velocity, low-amplitude controlled vertebral thrusts on neuromuscular function","volume":"121","author":"Haavik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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