{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:45:36Z","timestamp":1785818736987,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory","award":["XZSYSKF2023.28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZSYSKF2023.28"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016355","name":"Xuzhou Science and Technology Bureau","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["KC23155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC23155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016355","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["KC23155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KC23155"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/025ffea33","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017962","name":"Jiangsu Provincial Health Commission","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Z2025022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z2025022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017962","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Gastrointestinal dysmotility (GID) is a frequent non-motor manifestation of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). However, its peripheral electrophysiological characteristics, as well as the underlying neural mechanisms within the brain\u2013gut axis, remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to delineate spatiotemporal abnormalities in gastrointestinal pacing activity in PD and to explore their associations with cerebral functional connectivity (FC). Methods: Multichannel electrogastroenterography (EGEG) recordings, including both preprandial and postprandial states from gastric (leads 1\u20134) and intestinal (leads 5\u20138) regions, were obtained from patients with PD and healthy controls (HCs), alongside resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI). The striatal\u2013thalamic circuit was selected as the seed region for FC analysis. Between-group differences in EGEG-derived spatiotemporal metrics were assessed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), while FC differences were examined using two-sample t-tests. Partial correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate associations among neuroimaging measures, aberrant gastrointestinal electrophysiological indices, and clinical variables. Regional specificity of correlations was further tested by comparing dependent correlation coefficients. In addition, multivariate brain\u2013gut connectivity was assessed using partial canonical correlation analysis (pCCA) with 1000 permutation tests. Results: Relative to HCs, PD patients exhibited a significant reduction in the proportion of normal slow waves in both gastric and intestinal regions during preprandial and postprandial states (pFDR &lt; 0.05). FC analysis revealed increased connectivity between the left thalamus and right insula in PD, whereas interhemispheric connectivity of the caudate nuclei and putamina was significantly reduced. Additionally, FC between the left pallidum and left precentral gyrus was attenuated in the PD group. Partial correlation analysis demonstrated a positive association between postprandial normal slow-wave fraction and interhemispheric caudate connectivity (r = 0.63, pFDR = 0.047). Furthermore, left thalamus\u2013right insula connectivity correlated with both total Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) scores (r = 0.57, pFDR = 0.042) and gastrointestinal subscale scores (r = 0.63, pFDR = 0.037). At the multivariate level, pCCA revealed a strong association between lentiform nucleus connectivity and preprandial gastric slow-wave rhythms (canonical r = 0.892, p = 0.004). Conclusions: In PD, caudate nucleus FC shows a preferential association with gastric rather than intestinal electrophysiological activity. Multivariate analyses further demonstrate a significant network-level association between lentiform nucleus connectivity and baseline gastric pacing rhythms, extending regional findings to a broader network interaction. Together, these results provide multimodal correlational evidence reflecting parallel central and peripheral alterations in PD, highlighting synchronized alterations in central networks and peripheral gastrointestinal rhythmicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16080823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastric-Selective Associations of Caudate Functional Connectivity with Gastrointestinal Rhythms in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Resting-State fMRI and Electrogastroenterography Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zhining","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Can","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangqun","family":"Rong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8364-0219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13030-2","article-title":"Global trends and projections of Parkinson\u2019s disease incidence: A 30-year analysis using GBD 2021 data","volume":"272","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2024.12.008","article-title":"Non-motor Symptoms and Treatments in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"43","author":"Goldman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.62","article-title":"Non-motor features of Parkinson disease","volume":"18","author":"Schapira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1694547","article-title":"Lower Urinary Tract and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction Are Common in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"2020","year":"2020","journal-title":"Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2024.106982","article-title":"Consensus practice recommendations for management of gastrointestinal dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"124","author":"Safarpour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klann, E.M., Dissanayake, U., Gurrala, A., Farrer, M., Wagle Shukla, A., Ramirez-Zamora, A., Mai, V., and Vedam-Mai, V. (2021). The Gut-Brain Axis and Its Relation to Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Review. Front. Aging Neurosci., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.782082"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stopi\u0144ska, K., Radziwo\u0144-Zaleska, M., and Domitrz, I. (2021). The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis as a Key to Neuropsychiatric Disorders: A Mini Review. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204640"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-025-01112-5","article-title":"Dopaminergic signalling in gastrointestinal health and disease","volume":"22","author":"Pasricha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, L., Fan, S., Sun, L., Han, J., Wang, M., and Yu, T. (2025). The role of vagus nerve stimulation in modulating Parkinson\u2019s disease via the microbiota-gut-brain axis: A comprehensive review. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1643305"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5661","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49949-9","article-title":"Neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s disease in an era of targeted interventions","volume":"15","author":"Zarkali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e26776","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26776","article-title":"Dynamic properties in functional connectivity changes and striatal dopamine deficiency in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Asendorf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12934-3","article-title":"Gray matter structural and functional brain abnormalities in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A meta-analysis of VBM and ALFF data","volume":"272","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2021.03.016","article-title":"Electrogastrography for diagnosis of early-stage Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"86","author":"Araki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Park. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100016929","article-title":"Electrogastrography in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"32","author":"Naftali","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Neurol. Sci.\/J. Can. Sci. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e143771","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143771","article-title":"Gastrointestinal motility disorders in neurologic disease","volume":"131","author":"Camilleri","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26436","article-title":"Reliability and validity of brain-gastric phase synchronization","volume":"44","author":"Levakov","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimino, J., and Kuo, B. (2025). Current Concepts in Gastroparesis and Gastric Neuromuscular Disorders-Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Diagnostics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15070935"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziogas, I., Leta, V., Lamprou, C., Trivedi, D., Zinzalias, P., Staunton, J., Odin, P., Chaudhuri, K.R., Charisis, V., and Hadjidimitriou, S. (2023, January 24\u201327). Dynamic Monitoring of Probiotics Effect in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Patients via Swarm Decomposition and Bispectral Analysis of Electrogastrograms. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10340198"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27362","article-title":"Validation of the MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"33","author":"Postuma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08727-9","article-title":"Electrogastrography in Adult Gastroparesis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"70","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1515\/bmt-2024-0438","article-title":"Correlation of electrogastrography and bioelectric impedance techniques for the gastric motility assessment","volume":"70","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng.\/Biomed. Tech."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30172","article-title":"Conversion between NMSS and MDS-NMS in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"40","author":"Garon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Off. J. Mov. Disord. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.02.005","article-title":"Validation of the Chinese non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson\u2019s disease: Results from a Chinese pilot study","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, J., Li, J., and Huang, X. (2012). The Beijing version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment as a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment: A community-based study. BMC Psychiatry, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-12-156"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(88)90072-9","article-title":"The Hamilton Anxiety Scale: Reliability, validity and sensitivity to change in anxiety and depressive disorders","volume":"14","author":"Maier","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.152.5.660","article-title":"Validity and reliability of the Chinese Hamilton Depression Rating Scale","volume":"152","author":"Zheng","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry J. Ment. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A8067","article-title":"Recommended Resting-State fMRI Acquisition and Preprocessing Steps for Preoperative Mapping of Language and Motor and Visual Areas in Adult and Pediatric Patients with Brain Tumors and Epilepsy","volume":"45","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJNR. Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200611141","article-title":"Error bars in experimental biology","volume":"177","author":"Cumming","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1981.10479327","article-title":"Rank Transformations as a Bridge between Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics","volume":"35","author":"Conover","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. Stat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1515\/dmpt-2021-0144","article-title":"Impact of environmental toxicants exposure on gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease","volume":"37","author":"Ishola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pers. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-023-10567-0","article-title":"Pink1-\/- Rats Demonstrate Swallowing and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction in a Model of Prodromal Parkinson Disease","volume":"38","author":"Krasko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dysphagia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1890330","article-title":"The gut-brain axis and Parkinson disease: Clinical and pathogenetic relevance","volume":"53","author":"Menozzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2024_518","article-title":"Interoception, Insula, and Autonomic Integration: Relevance to the Expression and Treatment of Psychiatric Symptoms","volume":"70","author":"Critchley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101812","article-title":"Role of enteric glia and microbiota-gut-brain axis in parkinson disease pathogenesis","volume":"84","author":"Lima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23130","article-title":"Gray matter correlates of dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A hybrid PET\/MR study using (18) F-FP-CIT","volume":"37","author":"Choi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00681-2","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis in Parkinson disease\u2014From basic research to the clinic","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.70029","article-title":"The Gut-Brain Axis in Parkinson disease: Emerging Concepts and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"12","author":"Menozzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2026.103133","article-title":"Mechanistic research and therapeutic prospects of alternative splicing in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"118","author":"Ran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-026-00536-6","article-title":"Gut-initiated alpha synuclein fibrils drive parkinsonism phenotypes: Temporal mapping of REM sleep behavior disorder-like and other non-motor symptoms","volume":"15","author":"Dautan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1017\/S003329172610436X","article-title":"Multimodal fusion of brain imaging and proteomics reveals a brain-body pathway linking depression and metabolic dysfunction","volume":"56","author":"Lian","year":"2026","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/8\/823\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:16:56Z","timestamp":1785817016000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/8\/823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16080823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16080823","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]}}}