{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:28:04Z","timestamp":1786116484457,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Office of Research and Development Health Services Research & Development Services","award":["IIR 16-062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR 16-062"]}]},{"award":["IIR 16-062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IIR 16-062"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0083hz885","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Veteran Affairs, Rehabilitation Research and Development Service","award":["D5308-W\/RX005308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D5308-W\/RX005308"]}]},{"award":["D5308-W\/RX005308"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D5308-W\/RX005308"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/008qp6e21","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Between 33% and 75% of women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) sustain an IPV-related traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although IPV-related TBI is associated with adverse psychosocial outcomes, its impact on response to healthcare-based IPV interventions remains unclear. Methods: Using data from a randomized clinical trial within the Veterans Health Administration, we examined psychosocial outcomes among 60 woman veterans with past-year IPV experiences participating in two brief IPV interventions: Enhanced Care As Usual (ECAU) and Recovering from IPV through Strengths and Empowerment (RISE). Results: At pretreatment, 21 women (35%) reported a history of probable IPV-related TBI. Multilevel modeling revealed no significant main or interaction effects of TBI history for self-efficacy, empowerment, patient activation, depression, physical health symptoms, or resilience. However, there was a significant interaction of time and probable IPV-related TBI history for valued living, such that women with probable IPV-related TBI history demonstrated greater initial gains followed by slight posttreatment decline; F(2, 76.55) = 2.96, p = 0.049. There was also a significant interaction between probable IPV-related TBI history, treatment condition, and pretreatment anxiety symptoms for anxiety symptoms as an outcome, such that women with probable IPV-related TBI history in the RISE condition, who had more severe anxiety symptoms at pretreatment, reported higher anxiety symptoms on average across the study period than women without probable IPV-related TBI history in RISE; F(1, 48) = 5.04, p = 0.029. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction of probable IPV-related TBI history and pretreatment physical health symptoms for physical health symptoms as an outcome, such that women with probable IPV-related TBI histories maintained higher physical symptoms from pretreatment to the last follow-up assessment; F(1, 134) = 8.99, p = 0.004. Conclusions: No evidence of differential treatment response was detected for women with and without probable IPV-related TBI history. Findings related to valued living and anxiety suggest areas where additional support may improve implementation of brief healthcare-based IPV interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16080836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T09:46:38Z","timestamp":1786009598000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychosocial Outcomes of IPV Interventions in Women With and Without Probable IPV-Related Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Brigitta M.","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0256-0362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle M.","family":"Pebole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders National Network Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristiana D.","family":"Carrasquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"},{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions (CASAA), The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin T.","family":"Mahoney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"},{"name":"Center on Alcohol, Substance Use, and Addictions (CASAA), The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3556-8301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine M.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s Health Sciences Division of the National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Breiding, M., Basile, K.C., Smith, S.G., Black, M.C., and Mahendra, R.R. 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