{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T05:23:28Z","timestamp":1787203408432,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012190","name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["075-10-2025-017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-10-2025-017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012190","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sensorimotor (mu) rhythms reflect the functional state of sensorimotor cortical networks and are of increasing interest for understanding typical and atypical neurodevelopment. However, the developmental trajectories of mu rhythm modulation in preschool and early school-age children remain poorly characterized. Objectives: We studied age-related changes in alpha (8\u201313 Hz) and beta (13\u201330 Hz) sensorimotor rhythms in children aged 3 to 10 years using a mixed longitudinal design and investigated their relationship with language development. Methods: EEG was recorded twice (interval ~1 year) in 44 typically developing children during three conditions: passive hand movement (PHM), video hand movement observation (VHM), and a control condition (video fractal movement, VFM). Language was assessed with the Preschool Language Scales\u2014Fifth Edition (PLS-5) in a subset of 32 of the 44 participants at the first time point. Modulation indices (log10(experimental\/control)) were computed, and repeated-measures ANOVAs and Spearman correlations were performed. Results: PHM elicited desynchronization in both alpha and beta bands, while VHM induced alpha synchronization only. Alpha desynchronization showed contralateral lateralization during right- and left-hand movements, without age-related changes. Beta desynchronization showed no lateralization. Beta desynchronization during PHM correlated negatively with Auditory Comprehension and Total Language scores (\u03c1 up to \u22120.62, FDR-corrected p &lt; 0.05), indicating that more pronounced desynchronization of sensorimotor rhythms relates to better language abilities. Conclusions: These findings support the involvement of sensorimotor networks in auditory language comprehension and suggest that beta mu rhythm may serve as a sensitive marker of individual differences in language development, though replication in larger samples is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16080880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:12:11Z","timestamp":1787069531000},"page":"880","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Mixed Longitudinal EEG Study of Sensorimotor Rhythm Modulation and Its Relationship with Language Development in Children Aged 3\u201310 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0134-1988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Lipatov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Talent Development, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5714-2040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rebreikina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Talent Development, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, 354340 Sochi, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 117485 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-9512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Sysoeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research on Talent Development, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory, 354340 Sochi, Russia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Human Higher Nervous Activity, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 117485 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s11055-022-01329-w","article-title":"The Mu Rhythm in Current Research: Theoretical and Methodological Aspects","volume":"52","author":"Larionova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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