{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T15:32:17Z","timestamp":1787585537005,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Future-oriented cognition involves several neurocognitive processes putatively supported by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and beta-band oscillations. This study aimed to corroborate the role of beta oscillations in the DLPFC during three future cognition tasks: mental time travel (MTT), delay discounting (DD), and time-based prospective memory (PM). Methods: Thirty-three participants (22\u201329 years) completed the three tasks under two conditions\u2014active and sham stimulation\u2014administered in a counterbalanced within-subjects design, one week apart. Beta-frequency transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS; 22 Hz, 1.5 mA) was applied bilaterally over the DLPFC (F3\u2013F4). Results: Beta-tACS was associated with dissociable effects across domains. In MTT, stimulation selectively improved accuracy for ordinality judgements anchored to past and present reference points (2014, 2024), without affecting future projections (2034) or reaction times. In DD, beta-tACS did not modify the steepness of temporal discounting in a statistically significant way. In PM, stimulation enhanced both dichotomous accuracy and continuous temporal precision, with no changes in clock-checking behavior. Conclusions: These findings provide preliminary evidence that suggests a possible role of DLPFC beta oscillations in supporting the maintenance and utilization of more concrete temporal representations across distinct temporal domains, resulting in anchoring in more available representations (MTT) and focus on temporal information (PM), challenging unitary accounts of prefrontal beta function and highlighting task-dependent neuromodulation effects within the future temporal domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:49:34Z","timestamp":1787582974000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beta-Band Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Through tACS Alters Mental Time Travel and Prospective Memory, but Not Delay Discounting"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2760-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alex","family":"Marson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Orus 2\/B, 35129 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Cona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1417144111","article-title":"A Taxonomy of Prospection: Introducing an Organizational Framework for Future-Oriented Cognition","volume":"111","author":"Szpunar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. 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