{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:26:18Z","timestamp":1788531978370,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2026A1515011526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026A1515011526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009075","name":"Guangdong Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GDASZH-2022010110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009075","name":"Guangdong Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022GDASZH-2022030603-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022030603-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009075","name":"Guangdong Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023GDASZH-2023030602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GDASZH-2023030602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009075","name":"Guangdong Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024GDASZH-2024010101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GDASZH-2024010101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009075","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022GDASZH-2022010110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022010110"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g9hkj35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022GDASZH-2022030603-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022GDASZH-2022030603-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g9hkj35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2023GDASZH-2023030602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GDASZH-2023030602"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g9hkj35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2024GDASZH-2024010101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024GDASZH-2024010101"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01g9hkj35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Depression-like phenotypes in animal models often show graded behavioral variation rather than uniform group-wise changes, yet treatment effects are still commonly evaluated using categorical comparisons. In particular, it remains difficult to determine whether treated animals retain model-like behavioral features or shift toward a more control-like state. Here, we developed a continuous behavioral phenotyping framework based on multidimensional open-field-test (OFT) features to quantify model-like behavioral states and treatment-associated behavioral shifts. Methods: In the present dataset, untreated CUMS- and LPS-induced mice jointly defined a shared model-like behavioral state characterized by reduced locomotor activity and altered spatial exploration. By integrating principal component analysis with k-nearest-neighbor-based behavioral inference, we derived two complementary indices: \u0394d, representing the relative distance of an animal from the model-like versus control-like behavioral centroids, and p_depression, a kNN-derived score representing similarity to the untreated model-like reference state. These indices were used to position individual animals along a spectrum between control-like and model-like behavioral states. Results: Higher p_depression and lower \u0394d indicated OFT phenotypes more similar to untreated model mice. Using this framework, NSC-treated animals showed treatment-associated shifts away from model-like behavioral patterns and toward more control-like states, while preserving substantial inter-individual variability. Behavioral scores also showed group-level correspondence with neuroinflammatory markers, suggesting preliminary biological relevance. Because the primary model-specific biological comparisons were based on a limited subgroup size (n = 4 per group), the observed NSC-associated treatment effects should be regarded as exploratory and require confirmation in larger, prospectively powered cohorts. Conclusions: Together, these findings support continuous OFT-based behavioral phenotyping as a promising exploratory approach for evaluating treatment-associated behavioral change and phenotypic heterogeneity in preclinical depression research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:59:23Z","timestamp":1787741963000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Continuous OFT-Based Behavioral Phenotyping Reveals Neural Stem Cell-Associated Shifts in Depression-like Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4716-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Experiment and Health Evaluation Center, Institute of Bio and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou 510316, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8585-3472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaoming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xianjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Experiment and Health Evaluation Center, Institute of Bio and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou 510316, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Experiment and Health Evaluation Center, Institute of Bio and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tingxin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Experiment and Health Evaluation Center, Institute of Bio and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Dantong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Microelectronics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guanzhen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Experiment and Health Evaluation Center, Institute of Bio and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou 510316, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Caixia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Experiment and Health Evaluation Center, Institute of Bio and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China"},{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Healthcare Devices, Guangzhou 510316, China"},{"name":"Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afridi, R., and Suk, K. (2021). Neuroinflammatory basis of depression: Learning from experimental models. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.691067"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"58184","article-title":"The unpredictable chronic mild stress protocol for inducing anhedonia in mice","volume":"140","author":"Burstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16857","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74008-w","article-title":"Post-inflammatory behavioural despair in male mice is associated with reduced cortical glutamate-glutamine ratios, and circulating lipid and energy metabolites","volume":"10","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2009.02.002","article-title":"Cytokine, sickness behavior, and depression","volume":"29","author":"Dantzer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9699","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59984-7","article-title":"Multidimensional behavioral profiles associated with resilience and susceptibility after inescapable stress","volume":"14","author":"Marques","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.06.034","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines and prenatal depression: Is there a mediating role of maternal gut microbiota?","volume":"164","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-024-01171-2","article-title":"Rodent tests of depression and anxiety: Construct validity and translational relevance","volume":"24","author":"Gencturk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.06.001","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in major depressive disorder: A review of PET imaging studies examining the 18-kDa translocator protein","volume":"292","author":"Gritti","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2014.058","article-title":"Strain differences in the chronic mild stress animal model of depression and anxiety in mice","volume":"22","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2025.106453","article-title":"Long-term deep phenotyping of behavioral traits in mice using homecage monitoring","volume":"180","author":"Jurek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.11.003","article-title":"Revisiting the validity of the mouse forced swim test: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of prototypic antidepressants","volume":"84","author":"Kara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leite-Almeida, H., Castelhano-Carlos, M.J., and Sousa, N. (2022). New horizons for phenotyping behavior in rodents: The example of depressive-like behavior. Front. Behav. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.811987"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.11.015","article-title":"Neuroimmune mechanisms of cytokine-induced depression: Current theories and novel treatment strategies","volume":"37","author":"Loftis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.10.010","article-title":"Computational analysis of multidimensional behavioral alterations after chronic social defeat stress","volume":"89","author":"Lorsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.5213\/inj.1938226.113","article-title":"Inflammation as the potential basis in depression","volume":"23","author":"Maeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Neurourol. J."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Markov, D.D. (2022). Sucrose preference test as a measure of anhedonic behavior in a chronic unpredictable mild stress model of depression: Outstanding issues. Brain Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12101287"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-JAALAS-24-131","article-title":"Opinion: Ethical challenges in depression research: The tail suspension test, the forced swim test, and alternative behavioral models","volume":"64","author":"Mohseni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.02.005","article-title":"Coping with the forced swim stressor: Current state-of-the-art","volume":"364","author":"Molendijk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.15139","article-title":"Forced swim stressor: Trends in usage and mechanistic consideration","volume":"55","author":"Molendijk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.112024","article-title":"Peripheral anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 treatment mitigates interleukin-1\u03b2-induced anxiety and sickness behaviors in adult male rats","volume":"372","author":"Munshi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4002148","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior is mediated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activation in mice","volume":"14","author":"Lawson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67559-x","article-title":"AI-driven decoding of naturalistic behaviors enables tailored detection of depressive-like behavior in mice","volume":"17","author":"Oh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-02084-y","article-title":"Animal models of major depression: Drawbacks and challenges","volume":"126","author":"Planchez","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412556","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412556","article-title":"Microglia-derived interleukin-6 triggers astrocyte apoptosis in the hippocampus and mediates depression-like behavior","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01762-w","article-title":"Introducing a depression-like syndrome for translational neuropsychiatry: A plea for taxonomical validity and improved comparability between humans and mice","volume":"28","author":"Bordes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Li, X., Wang, H., and Liu, Z. (2025). Altered gut microbial diversity and depletion of SCFA-producing taxa associated with ASD-like phenotypes in a prenatal VPA rat model. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188931"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C., Li, X., Wang, H., Yang, X., and Liu, Z. (2025). 3KO-NSCs ameliorate behavioral deficits and modulate gut microbiota in a VPA-induced C57BL\/6 mouse model of autism. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1680179"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"e52587","article-title":"The forced swim test as a model of depressive-like behavior","volume":"97","author":"Franko","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, R., Zhang, K., Li, Y., Tang, Z., Zheng, R., Ma, Y., Chen, Z., Lei, N., Xiong, L., and Guo, P. (2023). Lipopolysaccharide-induced depression-like model in mice: Meta-analysis and systematic evaluation. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1181973"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2015.0362","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 mediates stress-induced depression by upregulating indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in a mouse model of unpredictable chronic mild stress","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5457.1433","article-title":"Mammalian neural stem cells","volume":"287","author":"Gage","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1908","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of neural stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Martino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2011.32","article-title":"Intravenous injection of neural progenitor cells improved depression-like behavior after cerebral ischemia","volume":"1","author":"Moriyama","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1969","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in depression","volume":"10","author":"Sahay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Percie du Sert, N., Hurst, V., Ahluwalia, A., Alam, S., Avey, M.T., Baker, M., Browne, W.J., Clark, A., Cuthill, I.C., and Dirnagl, U. (2020). The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000410"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-024-03495-8","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates LPS-induced depression-like behavior in mice by inhibiting ferroptosis by regulating RNA methylation-mediated SIRT6\/Nrf2\/HO-1 pathway","volume":"63","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02614-z","article-title":"Melatonin alleviates depression-like behaviors and cognitive dysfunction in mice by regulating the circadian rhythm of AQP4 polarization","volume":"13","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.03.005","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide induces delayed FosB\/\u0394FosB immunostaining within the mouse extended amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus, that parallel the expression of depressive-like behavior","volume":"32","author":"Frenois","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8994-2_9","article-title":"The open field test for measuring locomotor activity and anxiety-like behavior","volume":"1916","author":"Kraeuter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428203","article-title":"The tail suspension test: A new method for screening antidepressants in mice","volume":"85","author":"Steru","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12993-025-00298-7","article-title":"Isoacteoside alleviates LPS-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting neuroinflammation through regulating microglial polarization and oxidative stress","volume":"21","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Funct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70631","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.70631","article-title":"Sex differences in behavioral responses to chronic unpredictable mild stress in Swiss mice","volume":"64","author":"Medeiros","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mach. Learn. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1039\/D5FO00226E","article-title":"Ketogenic diet attenuates neuroinflammation and restores hippocampal neurogenesis to improve CUMS-induced depression-like behavior in mice","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Chen, D., Pan, R., Sun, Y., He, X., Qiu, Y., Hu, Y., Wu, X., Xi, X., and Hu, R. (2025). Neural stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles: A new therapy approach in neurological diseases. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1548206"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-025-00732-5","article-title":"Interindividual and sex differences in resilience and vulnerability to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Insights from animal models","volume":"16","author":"Mancini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-026-04026-1","article-title":"Sex-dependent modulation of social distance by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in mice","volume":"16","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2026","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/9\/909\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:58:36Z","timestamp":1788530316000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/9\/909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16090909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16090909","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}