{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:07:12Z","timestamp":1788865632088,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RF1NS041588-22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF1NS041588-22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AG072592"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AG072592"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"NIH grant","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-NS017950-40"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-NS017950-40"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"L.I.F.E Foundation to Dr Hyacinth"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with risk of stroke, cognitive impairment, and dementia. The influence of race and\/or region of residence on CMB is underexplored. Methods: REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study participants with incident stroke\/TIA and available MRI were included. CMBs were classified as any, non-lobar, lobar or mixed CMB. Counts were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between race and\/or region of residence with CMB presence. Multivariable negative binomial regression related these factors to CMB counts. Models adjusted for age, sex, vascular risk factors. Results: Among 808 participants (317 Black participants, 412 in stroke belt), Black participants had higher odds of any CMB, odds ratio (OR) = 1.72; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 2.43). Stroke belt residents had lower odds of any (OR = 0.51, 95% CI 0.37, 0.72), non-lobar (OR = 0.46; 95% CI 0.24, 0.85), lobar (OR = 0.60; 95% CI 0.38, 0.93) CMBs and lower odds of CMB counts (rate ratio [RR] = 0.66, 95% CI 0.43, 0.99). Black participants residing in the stroke belt had higher odds of any (OR = 1.88; 95% CI 1.11, 3.20) and mixed (OR = 2.99; 95% CI 1.19, 7.74) CMBs. Conclusions: Black participants had higher risk for CMBs. Higher risk in Black participants may suggest increased subclinical vascular brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090934","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T12:41:18Z","timestamp":1788266478000},"page":"934","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Race and Regional Differences in Cerebral Microbleeds in Individuals with Incident Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: The REGARDS Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2510-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oluchi","family":"Ekenze","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8521-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios-Arsenios","family":"Lioutas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8584-1455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo J.","family":"Aparicio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Sudha","family":"Seshadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA"},{"name":"The Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer\u2019s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4912-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia J.","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1101-2950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose R.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-7463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyacinth 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