{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:16:23Z","timestamp":1788498983143,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010014","name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010014","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02hstj355","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Numbers-skills are affected in as many as 65% of cases following a stroke or a brain-injury, a condition termed \u2018acalculia\u2019. Post-stroke numerical skills interventions have to-date focused on using intense repetitions (\u2018drill\u2019), in one-to-one settings. However, while \u2018drill\u2019 is needed, there is increasing evidence that learning (and re-learning) of numerical skills may be enhanced by additional techniques, informed by current educational and cognitive neuroscience theories. We report on a mixed-methods feasibility study examining the acceptability and impact of the first reported group intervention for acalculia, that is based on the principles of embodied learning, playfulness, and enriched social environment. Four brain-injury survivors took part in six-weekly 45-min group sessions involving games with numbers, accompanied with congruent movements. Following a 4-week break, n = 3 took part in additional three sessions. Performance on number skills (theoretical and functional) was collected before the intervention (T0), after six weeks (T1) and after further three weeks (T2) using validated batteries. Qualitative data were collected 3-months post intervention using semi-structured interviews with two patients. Results show improvements on all measures at both T1 and T2, including far-transfer to untrained problems. Qualitative findings emphasised the importance of group-settings, and the impact of playful learning on cognition, engagement, learning, confidence and wellbeing. We conclude that playful group therapy integrating modern educational theories is feasible and can be effective for improving numerical skills and speculate on the possible neural mechanisms that may facilitate these findings. Future work should evaluate the impact of combining multi-sensory, movement and cognitive rehabilitation in improving patients\u2019 linguistic, physiological, and wellbeing outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:35:29Z","timestamp":1788359729000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Walking on the Number Line: A Playful and Embodied Group Intervention for People with Acquired Number Deficits (Acalculia)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7482-5927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yael","family":"Benn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, 53 Bonsall Street, Manchester M15 6GX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6346-9258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kountouriotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, 53 Bonsall Street, Manchester M15 6GX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Verena","family":"Christin-Pavel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Manchester Metropolitan University, 53 Bonsall Street, Manchester M15 6GX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tam","family":"Dibley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, 53 Bonsall Street, Manchester M15 6GX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0371-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Jayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Professions, Manchester Metropolitan University, 53 Bonsall Street, Manchester M15 6GX, UK"},{"name":"School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5202-8847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Berzan","family":"Cetinkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Istanbul Medeniyet University, Atalar Mah. \u015eehit Hakan Kurban Cad. No: 44, 34862 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2022.2108065","article-title":"A qualitative study into the experience of living with acalculia after stroke and other forms of acquired brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Benn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108159","article-title":"Lesion symptom mapping of domain-specific cognitive impairments using routine imaging in stroke","volume":"167","author":"Moore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.5455\/aim.2012.20.242-243","article-title":"Gerstmann\u2019s syndrome in acute stroke patients","volume":"20","author":"Zukic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Inform. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2025.10.038","article-title":"An overview of post-stroke disability","volume":"125","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benn, Y., Longley, V., Hammond, I., Ledward, R., Hussain, M., and Conroy, P. (2026). A Systematic Review of Interventions for Acalculia Following a Stroke or Brain-injury. Neuropsychol. Rehabil., online.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/vjta8_v2"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e236","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.116.014439","article-title":"Speech and language therapy for aphasia after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"47","author":"Brady","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-934X(03)00252-9","article-title":"Rehabilitation of arithmetic abilities: Different intervention strategies for multiplication","volume":"87","author":"Domahs","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Lang."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010343000246","article-title":"Adding colour to multiplication: Rehabilitation of arithmetic fact retrieval in a case of traumatic brain injury","volume":"14","author":"Domahs","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010701505648","article-title":"Sound arithmetic: Auditory cues in the rehabilitation of impaired fact retrieval","volume":"18","author":"Domahs","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(96)80016-5","article-title":"The representation of arithmetical facts: Evidence from two rehabilitation studies","volume":"32","author":"Girelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010143000149","article-title":"Strategic learning in the rehabilitation of semantic knowledge","volume":"12","author":"Girelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/117.4.715","article-title":"Concepts and facts in calculation","volume":"117","author":"Semenza","year":"1994","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(87)90032-7","article-title":"Improvement of deficits in mnemonic rhyme for multiplication in Japanese aphasics","volume":"25","author":"Kashiwagi","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-2626(91)90074-I","article-title":"Facts, rules and procedures in normal calculation: Evidence from multiple single-patient studies of impaired arithmetic fact retrieval","volume":"17","author":"McCloskey","year":"1991","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.1998.0997","article-title":"The representation of arithmetic facts in memory: Results from retraining a brain-damaged patient","volume":"36","author":"Whetstone","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010802296378","article-title":"Rehabilitation of arithmetic fact retrieval via extensive practice: A combined fMRI and behavioural case-study","volume":"19","author":"Domahs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince, L., Keohane, C., Gracey, F., Cope, J., Connell, S., Threadgold, C., Cooper, J., Psaila, K., Malley, D., and Wilson, B.A. (2009). Lorna: Applying models of language, calculation and learning within holistic rehabilitation: From dysphasia and dyscalculia to independent cooking and travel. Neuropsychol. Rehabil. Theory Models Ther. Outcome, 203\u2013226.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511581083.016"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"463","article-title":"Neural correlates of training-induced improvements of calculation skills in patients with brain lesions","volume":"32","author":"Greitemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Restor. Neurol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030500298719","article-title":"Treating number transcoding difficulties in a chronic aphasic patient","volume":"20","author":"Ablinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Seron, X., and Deloche, G. (1989). Reeducation of number transcoding mechanisms: A procedural approach. Cognitive Approaches in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, Lawrence Eribaum Associates Ltd."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/09602019208401413","article-title":"Differential effects of covert and overt training of the syntactical component of verbal number processing and generalisations to other tasks: A single-case study","volume":"2","author":"Deloche","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12942","article-title":"Benefits of a targeted rehabilitation of number transcoding in secondary acalculia: A single-case experimental design","volume":"59","author":"Lemanissier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2005.11.001","article-title":"Cognition as a dynamic system: Principles from embodiment","volume":"25","author":"Smith","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macedonia, M. (2019). Embodied learning: Why at school the mind needs the body. Front. Psychol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.02098"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.11.037","article-title":"You can count on the motor cortex: Finger counting habits modulate motor cortex activation evoked by numbers","volume":"59","author":"Tschentscher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anelli, F., Lugli, L., Baroni, G., Borghi, A.M., and Nicoletti, R. (2014). Walking boosts your performance in making additions and subtractions. Front. Psychol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.01459"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2023.104003","article-title":"Investigating the influence of body movements on children\u2019s mental arithmetic performance","volume":"239","author":"Sixtus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Psychol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-010-0437-6","article-title":"Mathematics in early childhood: Research-based rationale and practical strategies","volume":"39","author":"Linder","year":"2011","journal-title":"Early Child. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-019-00936-6","article-title":"Fundamental movement skills and academic performance of 5-to 6-year-old preschoolers","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Child. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.01.021","article-title":"Individual differences in basic numerical skills: The role of executive functions and motor skills","volume":"182","author":"Gashaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Exp. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-010-0031-3","article-title":"Sensori-motor spatial training of number magnitude representation","volume":"18","author":"Fischer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tine.2013.06.005","article-title":"Walk the number line\u2013An embodied training of numerical concepts","volume":"2","author":"Link","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci. Educ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macdonald, K., Milne, N., Orr, R., and Pope, R. (2020). Associations between motor proficiency and academic performance in mathematics and reading in year 1 school children: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-020-1967-8"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1080\/10409289.2018.1510204","article-title":"Motor skills and executive function contribute to early achievement in East Asia and the Pacific","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Early Educ. Dev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Georgiou, Y., and Ioannou, A. (2019). Embodied learning in a digital world: A systematic review of empirical research in K-12 education. Learning in a Digital World: Perspective on Interactive Technologies for Formal and Informal Education, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8265-9_8"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.013","article-title":"Motor-cognitive intervention concepts can improve gait in chronic stroke, but their effect on cognitive functions is unclear: A systematic review with meta-analyses","volume":"132","author":"Huber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2023.05.010","article-title":"Cognitive and motor therapy after stroke is not superior to motor and cognitive therapy alone to improve cognitive and motor outcomes: New insights from a meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Embrechts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2020.100322","article-title":"Does gamification improve student learning outcome? Evidence from a meta-analysis and synthesis of qualitative data in educational contexts","volume":"30","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Educ. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.06.022","article-title":"Examining competitive, collaborative and adaptive gamification in young learners\u2019 math learning","volume":"125","author":"So","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Educ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1111\/bjet.12639","article-title":"Games for enhancing basic reading and maths skills: A systematic review of educational game design in supporting learning by people with learning disabilities","volume":"49","author":"Aro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Educ. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/HTR.0000000000000203","article-title":"Computerized cognitive rehabilitation of attention and executive function in acquired brain injury: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Bogdanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Head Trauma Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/17483107.2020.1768309","article-title":"Exploring serious games for stroke rehabilitation: A scoping review","volume":"17","author":"Mubin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van de Ven, R.M., Murre, J.M., Veltman, D.J., and Schmand, B.A. (2016). Computer-based cognitive training for executive functions after stroke: A systematic review. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00150"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"2384","article-title":"Gamified in-home rehabilitation for stroke survivors: Analytical review","volume":"5","author":"Garbaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Serious Games"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70256","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.70256","article-title":"Evaluation of the SWAN game-based approach to re-building numeracy skills in aphasia: Feasibility and preliminary findings","volume":"61","author":"Newton","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Faria, A., Couras, J., Cameir\u00e3o, M., Paulino, T., Costa, G., and i Badia, S.B. (2016, January 20\u201322). Impact of combined cognitive and motor rehabilitation in a virtual reality task: An on-going longitudinal study in the chronic phase of stroke. Proceedings of the 11th ICDVRAT, Los Angeles, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s12984-016-0204-z","article-title":"Benefits of virtual reality based cognitive rehabilitation through simulated activities of daily living: A randomized controlled trial with stroke patients","volume":"13","author":"Faria","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.7557\/23.6361","article-title":"The meaning of playfulness: A review of the contemporary definitions of the concept across disciplines","volume":"12","author":"Masek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eludamos J. Comput. Game Cult."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1177\/019145377500200402","article-title":"Hermeneutics and Social Science","volume":"2","author":"Gadamer","year":"1975","journal-title":"Cult. Hermeneut."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"345","article-title":"Validating the Adult Playfulness Trait Scale (APTS): An Examination of Personality, Behavior, Attitude, and Perception in the Nomological Network of Playfulness","volume":"6","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Play"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beresin, A., and Bishop, J. (2023). Play in a COVID Frame: Everyday Pandemic Creativity in a Time of Isolation, Open Book Publishers.","DOI":"10.11647\/OBP.0326"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/01490400.2013.761905","article-title":"The playful advantage: How playfulness enhances coping with stress","volume":"35","author":"Magnuson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"103","article-title":"Examining playfulness in adults: Testing its correlates with personality, positive psychological functioning, goal aspirations, and multi-methodically assessed ingenuity","volume":"54","author":"Proyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Test Assess. Model."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2021.33.293-297","article-title":"An overview of play therapy","volume":"33","author":"Koukourikos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mater. Socio-Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"niad024","DOI":"10.1093\/nc\/niad024","article-title":"Playfulness and the meaningful life: An active inference perspective","volume":"2023","author":"Kiverstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Conscious."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.30958\/ajspo.11-1-1","article-title":"Gadamer\u2019s hermeneutic universality of play: The greatest form of human play is art and its signification to movement education","volume":"11","author":"Kosma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Athens J. Sports"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, F. (2020). Mathematics for Human Flourishing, Yale University Press.","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300248814"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4860","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2023.2283099","article-title":"Therapeutic groups run for community-dwelling people with acquired brain injury: A scoping review","volume":"46","author":"Kotzur","year":"2024","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3033","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2019.1579260","article-title":"Effectiveness of a manualised group training intervention for memory dysfunction following stroke: A series of single case studies","volume":"42","author":"Withiel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2025.2467232","article-title":"A gamified aphasia intervention: Playing naming and scenario games in teams improves language and wellbeing","volume":"40","author":"Romani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3328","article-title":"Environmental enrichment as a viable neurorehabilitation strategy for experimental traumatic brain injury","volume":"31","author":"Bondi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, L., Zhou, H., Xu, Y., Zhang, H., Yang, W., Tang, X., Wang, J., Lv, Y., and Yan, P. (2021). Enriched rehabilitation improves gait disorder and cognitive function in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomized clinical trial. Front. Neurosci., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.733311"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Peng, Y., Zhou, H., Du, W., Wang, J., Wang, J., Wu, T., Tang, X., Lv, Y., and Gong, J. (2022). The effects of enriched rehabilitation on cognitive function and serum glutamate levels post-stroke. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.829090"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekhon, M., Cartwright, M., and Francis, J.J. (2017). Acceptability of healthcare interventions: An overview of reviews and development of a theoretical framework. BMC Health Serv. Res., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2031-8"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1044\/jshd.4503.308","article-title":"Reliability and validity characteristics of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB)","volume":"45","author":"Shewan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Speech Hear. Disord."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12867","article-title":"Which blueberries are better value? The development and validation of the functional numeracy assessment for adults with aphasia","volume":"58","author":"Ichikowitz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617701777077","article-title":"Assessment of calculation and number processing using the EC301 battery: Cross-cultural normative data and application to left-and right-brain damaged patients","volume":"7","author":"Dellatolas","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/096020100389200","article-title":"Errorless and effortful processes involved in the learning of face-name associations by patients with alcoholic Korsakoff\u2019s syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Komatsu","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lincon, Y., and Guba, E.G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry, SAGE Publications.","DOI":"10.1016\/0147-1767(85)90062-8"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afjem.2017.08.001","article-title":"A hands-on guide to doing content analysis","volume":"7","author":"Erlingsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732305276687","article-title":"Three approaches to qualitative content analysis","volume":"15","author":"Hsieh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Qual. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2017.11.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the Triple Code Model of numerical processing\u2014Reviewing past neuroimaging and clinical findings","volume":"72","author":"Siemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968317753076","article-title":"Evidence for training-dependent structural neuroplasticity in brain-injured patients: A critical review","volume":"32","author":"Caeyenberghs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurorehabilit. Neural Repair"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Butterworth, B. (2025). Dyscalculia: From Science to Education, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003441762"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2018.10.001","article-title":"Tactile enumeration: A case study of acalculia","volume":"127","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain Cogn."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores, P., Coelho, E., Mour\u00e3o-Carvalhal, M.I., and Forte, P. (2023). Association between motor and math skills in preschool children with typical development: Systematic review. Front. Psychol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1105391"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/10508406.2011.611445","article-title":"When the classroom floor becomes the complex plane: Addition and multiplication as ways of bodily navigation","volume":"21","author":"Nemirovsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Learn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/03080188.2018.1528090","article-title":"Toward an anthropology of mathematizing","volume":"43","author":"Marchand","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.004","article-title":"Semantic cognition versus numerical cognition: A topographical perspective","volume":"27","author":"Chiou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-025-00451-z","article-title":"The role of social interaction in the formation and use of abstract concepts","volume":"4","author":"Borghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Tang, L., Zhang, Y., Ye, L., Zhou, L., and Tang, M. (2025). The impact of interactive motor-cognitive dual tasking on brain activation, functional connectivity, and behavioral performance in healthy adults: An fNIRS study. Front. Hum. Neurosci., 19.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2025.1464617"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2019.04.665","article-title":"P11 Cognitive training enhances synaptic neuroplasticity in the human motor cortex","volume":"130","author":"Berns","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2020.1781419","article-title":"Identifying the components of a successful spoken naming therapy: A meta-analysis of word-finding interventions for adults with aphasia","volume":"35","author":"Sze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aphasiology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033456","article-title":"The mathematics anxiety rating scale: Psychometric data","volume":"19","author":"Richardson","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Couns. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2017.12.002","article-title":"Single-case experimental designs to assess intervention effectiveness in rehabilitation: A practical guide","volume":"61","author":"Evans","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.07.048","article-title":"Small is bright and big is dark in synaesthesia","volume":"17","author":"Henik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/9\/940\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T04:27:07Z","timestamp":1788496027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/16\/9\/940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci16090940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci16090940","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]}}}