{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:10:54Z","timestamp":1788948654229,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms, as well as disturbances of the self and metacognitive dysfunction. Increasing evidence suggests that these dimensions contribute substantially to psychosocial functioning and recovery, yet they are often investigated separately. This narrative review aims to integrate current knowledge on self-disturbances and metacognition in schizophrenia and discuss their relevance for contemporary therapeutic approaches. This review proposes an integrative conceptual framework positioning disturbances of the minimal self and metacognitive dysfunction as complementary dimensions that may contribute to schizophrenia psychopathology and may have relevance for recovery-oriented interventions. Methods: A narrative review of the peer-reviewed literature was conducted. Classical theoretical papers, recent empirical studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses addressing self-disturbances, metacognition, and therapeutic interventions in schizophrenia spectrum disorders were analyzed. Results: Current evidence indicates that disturbances of the minimal self and metacognitive dysfunction may represent complementary and interacting dimensions of schizophrenia psychopathology. Self-disturbances affect the subjective sense of identity, agency, and self-presence, whereas metacognitive deficits impair the integration of information about oneself and others into coherent mental representations. These impairments are associated with poorer psychosocial functioning, reduced quality of life, and limited recovery. Interventions targeting metacognitive functioning, including Metacognitive Reflection and Insight Therapy, Metacognitive Training, and cognitive remediation, have shown promising effects on functional outcomes and recovery. Conclusions: Integrating phenomenological concepts of self-disturbance with contemporary metacognitive models may provide a broader understanding of schizophrenia than symptom-based approaches alone. In clinical practice, instruments such as the Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience (EASE) and Metacognition Assessment Scale\u2013Abbreviated (MAS-A) may complement standard assessment by providing information about anomalous self-experiences, insight, and psychosocial functioning. However, the additional diagnostic value of combining these assessments with established clinical procedures has not yet been clearly demonstrated. They should therefore be regarded as supplementary tools that may inform clinical formulation and individualized, recovery-oriented treatment planning rather than as standalone diagnostic measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:24:02Z","timestamp":1788945842000},"page":"956","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metacognition and Self-Disturbances in Schizophrenia: Implications for Psychological and Neurocognitive Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Natasza","family":"Orlov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Communication and Professional Competency Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Izabela","family":"Sarzy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club \u201cReh-Tech\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolanta","family":"G\u00f3ral-P\u00f3\u0142rola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pedagogy and Psychology, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-029 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3375-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Le\u015bnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Communication and Professional Competency Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliwia","family":"Bartkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club \u201cReh-Tech\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szymon","family":"Sta\u0144czyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Club \u201cReh-Tech\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9635-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Siwiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University College of Professional Education in Wroclaw, 53-329 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Zi\u00f3\u0142kowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University College of Professional Education in Wroclaw, 53-329 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3936-0698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Kopa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Communication and Professional Competency Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rzesz\u00f3w, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4247","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-026-03533-3","article-title":"Global Lifetime Prevalence of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. 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