{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:02:33Z","timestamp":1790139753267,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["RRC-2026-23688274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRC-2026-23688274"]}]},{"award":["RRC-2026-23688274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RRC-2026-23688274"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Telerehabilitation may extend neurorehabilitation beyond conventional settings, but comparative effects across neurological diagnoses and motor domains remain uncertain. This systematic review and meta-analysis synthesized motor outcomes while distinguishing International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health activity domains, delivery models, and comparator questions. Methods: Five databases were searched from inception to 8 June 2026 using two database-specific Boolean search strategies. Comparative studies of adults with neurological disorders receiving active remote, digital, virtual, wearable, or hybrid rehabilitation were eligible. Random-effects models used restricted maximum likelihood estimation; Hartung\u2013Knapp confidence intervals were primary when at least three studies were available, and DerSimonian\u2013Laird models were sensitivity analyses. Results: Eighty-seven studies included stroke, Parkinson\u2019s disease, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury, acquired brain injury, or ataxia. For walking and mobility activities versus usual care, no additional therapy, or waitlist, the point estimate favoured telerehabilitation but was imprecise and compatible with no difference (standardized mean difference 1.06, 95% confidence interval \u22120.23 to 2.35; three studies; 121 participants; I2 = 57.6%). Global motor-functional and activities-of-daily-living outcomes showed similar uncertainty (0.83, \u22120.35 to 2.00; three studies; 304 participants; I2 = 73.6%). Both findings had very-low-certainty evidence. No pooled comparison included enough studies to assess publication bias. Two-study datasets for balance-related activity\/postural control and upper-limb impairment were highly heterogeneous and interpreted descriptively. Conclusions: Comparative evidence for telerehabilitation across neurological diagnoses and motor domains remains uncertain. Programme characteristics are plausible implementation considerations, not established efficacy modifiers. Small evidence sets, wide intervals, clinical heterogeneity, risk of bias, and inconsistent adverse-event ascertainment preclude conclusions about clinical importance or established safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1789395304000},"page":"972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Telerehabilitation for Motor Recovery in Adults with Neurological Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Across Motor Domains, Delivery Models, and Follow-Up Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8566-3166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rocco Salvatore","family":"Calabr\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-1009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnold Fredrick","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Symbiosis College of Physiotherapy, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8749-2236","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanaz","family":"Pournajaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Area in Neuromotor & Robotic Rehabilitation, Department of Neurological and Rehabilitation Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania \u2018Luigi Vanvitelli\u2019, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6145-5274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Baglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi ETS, 20148 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2928-2083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl Froilan D.","family":"Leochico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Luke\u2019s Medical Center, Global City, Taguig 1634, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, Manila 1000, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7999-0868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alon","family":"Kalron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Gray Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel"},{"name":"Multiple Sclerosis Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel HaShomer 52621, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators (2024). 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