{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:02:17Z","timestamp":1790103737706,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789862400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Scientific Research Project of the Jilin Provincial Department of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20241389KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20241389KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sci.","Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ensemble perception enables the visual system to rapidly extract summary statistics from multiple objects. However, the temporal dynamics of ensemble average representations and their dependence on magnocellular-biased (M-biased) and parvocellular-biased (P-biased) visual information remain unclear. This study examined when ensemble face-gender information could be decoded under these two stimulus conditions. Methods: Twenty-four healthy adults performed a two-alternative forced-choice gender judgment task with neutral face ensembles and single faces. M-biased stimuli were low-luminance-contrast grayscale faces, whereas P-biased stimuli were isoluminant red\u2013green faces. Time-resolved multivariate pattern analysis, temporal generalization, and cross-condition generalization characterized gender-related EEG dynamics. Results: Behaviorally, responses were faster for P-biased than M-biased stimuli and for single faces than ensembles, with no significant accuracy differences. Balanced Integration Scores were significantly higher for P-biased than M-biased stimuli in both ensemble and single-face conditions. M-biased ensemble gender information was reliably decodable during early (95\u2013300 ms) and late processing (775\u2013930 ms), with significant early temporal generalization. P-biased face ensembles showed no significant cluster-corrected time-resolved decoding but exhibited significant temporal generalization during middle-to-late processing. Under M-biased stimulation, ensemble gender information generalized to single-face judgments from 690\u2013995 ms. Conclusions: Ensemble face-gender information showed a multistage temporal organization. M-biased ensemble information became decodable early. Late cross-condition generalization further indicated that ensemble and single-face judgments shared gender-discriminative task information. These findings characterize the temporal evolution of ensemble gender information under pathway-biased visual stimulation and provide a temporal perspective on ensemble perception.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci16090996","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:56:41Z","timestamp":1790099801000},"page":"996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal Dynamics of Ensemble Face Representations Under Magnocellular- and Parvocellular-Biased Visual Inputs: A Time-Resolved EEG Decoding Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tianbo","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Huanxiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5746-7301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Science and Mental Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Xiuling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China"},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Mental Health, Changchun 130024, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010416-044232","article-title":"Ensemble perception","volume":"69","author":"Whitney","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. 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