{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T02:26:12Z","timestamp":1772936772732,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the course of the development of deep brain stimulation (DBS) into a well-established therapy for Parkinson\u2019s disease, essential tremor, and dystonia, its utility as a potential treatment for autonomic dysfunction has emerged. Dysfunction of autonomic processes is common in neurological diseases. Depending on the specific target in the brain, DBS has been shown to raise or lower blood pressure, normalize the baroreflex, to alter the caliber of bronchioles, and eliminate hyperhidrosis, all through modulation of the sympathetic nervous system. It has also been shown to improve cortical control of the bladder, directly induce or inhibit the micturition reflex, and to improve deglutition and gastric emptying. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the relevant available studies describing these effects of DBS on autonomic function, which vary greatly in character and magnitude with respect to stimulation target.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6030033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T10:03:21Z","timestamp":1471341801000},"page":"33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Autonomic Function"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Basiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Devin","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, 1247 Webber Hall, Riverside, CA 92521, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hickey, P., and Stacy, M. (2016). Deep brain stimulation: A paradigm shifting approach to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease. Front. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00173"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crowell, J.L., and Shah, B.B. (2016). Surgery for dystonia and tremor. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0627-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.02.003","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation and multiple sclerosis: Therapeutic applications","volume":"3","author":"Roy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285610370722","article-title":"Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation in the treatment of chronic cluster headache","volume":"3","author":"Leone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.11.005","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for tourette-syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Baldermann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Stimul."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s40473-015-0036-3","article-title":"Clinical outcome and mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"2","author":"Rietveld","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.220310","article-title":"Obesity and deep brain stimulation: An overview","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, A.L., Sussman, E.S., Zhang, M., Pendharkar, A.V., Azagury, D.E., Bohon, C., and Halpern, C.H. (2015). Deep brain stimulation for obesity. Cureus, 7.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.259"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63274-6.00018-7","article-title":"Control of the lungs via the human brain using neurosurgery","volume":"209","author":"Hyam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.FOCUS162","article-title":"Neuromodulation for restoring memory","volume":"40","author":"Bick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-015-7688-5","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for Alzheimer disease: A decision and cost-effectiveness analysis","volume":"262","author":"Halpern","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.100","article-title":"The autonomic effects of deep brain stimulation\u2014A therapeutic opportunity","volume":"8","author":"Hyam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2013.072694","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation and autonomic control","volume":"99","author":"Lovick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0641-x","article-title":"A practical approach to autonomic dysfunction in patients with headache","volume":"16","author":"Ailani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16920","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160816920","article-title":"Autonomic dysregulation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Pinter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(13)70024-5","article-title":"Autonomic disorders predicting Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"20","author":"Palma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c130026","article-title":"Dysautonomia in Parkinson disease","volume":"4","author":"Goldstein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.1.73","article-title":"Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"36","author":"Goetz","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10586","article-title":"Sweating dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Swinn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"261","article-title":"Gastroparesis and other gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"61","author":"Carpintero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25708","article-title":"Delayed gastric emptying in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Marrinan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-014-0493-1","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of resistant hypertension","volume":"16","author":"McBryde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, E., and Green, A. (2007). Autonomic neurosurgery: From microvascular decompression to image guided stimulation. Biomed. Imaging Interv. J., 3.","DOI":"10.2349\/biij.3.1.e14"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000215943.78685.01","article-title":"Controlling the heart via the brain: A potential new therapy for orthostatic hypotension","volume":"58","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000183904.15773.47","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation can regulate arterial blood pressure in awake humans","volume":"16","author":"Green","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.05.005","article-title":"Stimulating the human midbrain to reveal the link between pain and blood pressure","volume":"124","author":"Green","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2006.04.015","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation: A new treatment for hypertension?","volume":"14","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-211-33081-4_60","article-title":"The periaqueductal grey area and the cardiovascular system","volume":"97","author":"Green","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1403.2010.00274.x","article-title":"Intra-operative deep brain stimulation of the periaqueductal grey matter modulates blood pressure and heart rate variability in humans","volume":"13","author":"Green","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuromodulation"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2009.02.041","article-title":"Sustained reduction of hypertension by deep brain stimulation","volume":"17","author":"Pereira","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182088108","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation relieves refractory hypertension","volume":"76","author":"Patel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170183","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the periaqueductal grey induces vasodilation in humans","volume":"57","author":"Carter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.01850.x","article-title":"Effect of deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area on the cardiovascular system in chronic cluster headache patients","volume":"14","author":"Cortelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.02970","article-title":"Differentiated baroreflex modulation of sympathetic nerve activity during deep brain stimulation in humans","volume":"63","author":"Sverrisdottir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000244416.30605.f1","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation improves orthostatic regulation of patients with Parkinson disease","volume":"67","author":"Stemper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"246","article-title":"Evaluation of heart rate and blood pressure variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients after bilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation","volume":"72","author":"Furgala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prz. Lek."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2011.1605.x","article-title":"Heart rate variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease unaffected by deep brain stimulation","volume":"126","author":"Trachani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-006-0354-3","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation does not alter long-term heart rate variability in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Erola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Auton. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.07.007","article-title":"Association of heart rate variability with clinical outcome in parkinsonian patients after subthalamic deep brain stimulation: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-6849-7","article-title":"The effects of bilateral stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on heart rate variability in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"260","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1159\/000338090","article-title":"Effect of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on the autonomic nervous system in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients assessed by spectral analyses of R-R interval variability and blood pressure variability","volume":"90","author":"Sumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stereotact. Funct. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.103739","article-title":"Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation and levodopa on the autonomic nervous system in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Ludwig","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21602","article-title":"Effects of chronic subthalamic stimulation on nonmotor fluctuations in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Witjas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000174436.36399.ca","article-title":"Sympathetic activation due to deep brain stimulation in the region of the STN","volume":"65","author":"Lipp","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318231d789","article-title":"Controlling the lungs via the brain: A novel neurosurgical method to improve lung function in humans","volume":"70","author":"Hyam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.095315","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation in the internal capsule and nucleus accumbens region: Responses observed during active and sham programming","volume":"78","author":"Okun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2007.02.003","article-title":"Respiratory responses elicited by rostral versus caudal dorsal periaqueductal gray stimulation in rats","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2011.09.002","article-title":"Switching on the deep brain stimulation: Effects on cardiovascular regulation and respiration","volume":"166","author":"Vigneri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2009.11.015","article-title":"Effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on sweating function in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"112","author":"Trachani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2009.06.019","article-title":"Alleviation of drenching sweats following subthalamic deep brain stimulation in a patient with Parkinson\u2019s disease\u2014A case report","volume":"285","author":"Sanghera","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2010.10.015","article-title":"Effect of deep brain stimulation on autonomic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Halim","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(01)00295-8","article-title":"Questionnaire-based assessment of pelvic organ dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"92","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2001","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/11\/1036","article-title":"Hyperhidrosis due to deep brain stimulation in a patient with essential tremor","volume":"107","author":"Diamond","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22764","article-title":"A guideline for the management of bladder dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease and other gait disorders","volume":"35","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1111\/iju.12421","article-title":"Bladder function of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"21","author":"Sakakibara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20193","article-title":"Prevalence of bladder dysfunction in Parkinsons disease","volume":"25","author":"Winge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000055520.88377.dc","article-title":"Effects of subthalamic nucleus stimulation on urodynamic findings in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"169","author":"Peppe","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10806","article-title":"Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on the function of the urinary bladder","volume":"55","author":"Seif","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3366","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl302","article-title":"Subthalamic stimulation modulates cortical control of urinary bladder in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"129","author":"Herzog","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm254","article-title":"Improved sensory gating of urinary bladder afferents in Parkinson\u2019s disease following subthalamic stimulation","volume":"131","author":"Herzog","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"15","article-title":"Efficacy of deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on autonomic dysfunction in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"53","author":"Pietraszko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Med. Crac."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22631","article-title":"Acute urinary retention in two patients after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) for the treatment of advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Fritsche","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.22237","article-title":"Bladder dysfunction in advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Winge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.05.016","article-title":"Bladder function in patients with dystonia undergoing deep brain stimulation","volume":"20","author":"Mordasini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23571","article-title":"Switching off micturition using deep brain stimulation at midbrain sites","volume":"72","author":"Green","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.07.015","article-title":"Effect of thalamic deep brain stimulation on lower urinary tract function","volume":"53","author":"Kessler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22051","article-title":"Neural control of the gastrointestinal tract: Implications for Parkinson disease","volume":"23","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21891","article-title":"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation improves deglutition in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Ciucci","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25259","article-title":"Comparison of dysphagia before and after deep brain stimulation in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"27","author":"Silbergleit","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12607","article-title":"Impact of deep brain stimulation on pharyngo-esophageal motility: A randomized cross-over study","volume":"27","author":"Derrey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws086","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation can improve gastric emptying in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"135","author":"Arai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.02.010","article-title":"The effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on gastric motility in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Furgala","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.09.013","article-title":"Adaptive deep brain stimulation (aDBS) controlled by local field potential oscillations","volume":"245","author":"Priori","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.3109\/02688697.2014.997669","article-title":"Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson\u2019s disease 2003\u20132013: Where are we another 10 years on?","volume":"29","author":"Alamri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-404706-8.00004-8","article-title":"Neurophysiology of deep brain stimulation","volume":"107","author":"Rosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."}],"container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/6\/3\/33\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T19:28:31Z","timestamp":1760210911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3425\/6\/3\/33"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["brainsci6030033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci6030033","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3425"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3425","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]]}}}