{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T11:32:29Z","timestamp":1775043149792,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]],"date-time":"2016-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471564800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a childhood neurobehavioural disorder, characterised by the presence of motor and vocal tics, typically starting in childhood but persisting in around 20% of patients into adulthood. In those patients who do not respond to pharmacological or behavioural therapy, deep brain stimulation (DBS) may be a suitable option for potential symptom improvement. This manuscript attempts to summarise the outcomes of DBS at different targets, explore the possible mechanisms of action of DBS in TS, as well as the potential of adaptive DBS. There will also be a focus on the future challenges faced in designing optimized trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6030035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]],"date-time":"2016-08-19T09:58:27Z","timestamp":1471600707000},"page":"35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The Use of Deep Brain Stimulation in Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ladan","family":"Akbarian-Tefaghi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ludvic","family":"Zrinzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0752-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Foltynie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.11.004","article-title":"Prevalence of Tourette syndrome and chronic tics in the population-based Avon longitudinal study of parents and children cohort","volume":"51","author":"Scharf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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