{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T13:31:33Z","timestamp":1775136693717,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1481587200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL63772"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL63772"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL97165"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL97165"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1 RR033184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1 RR033184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C06 RR16499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C06 RR16499"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain Sciences"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Based on previous studies on the role of objective sleep duration in predicting morbidity in individuals with insomnia, we examined the role of objective sleep duration in differentiating behavioral profiles in adolescents with insomnia symptoms. Adolescents from the Penn State Child Cohort (n = 397, ages 12\u201323, 54.7% male) underwent a nine-hour polysomnography (PSG), clinical history, physical examination and psychometric testing, including the Child or Adult Behavior Checklist and Pediatric Behavior Scale. Insomnia symptoms were defined as a self-report of difficulty falling and\/or staying asleep and objective \u201cshort\u201d sleep duration as a PSG total sleep time \u22647 h. A significant interaction showed that objective short sleep duration modified the association of insomnia symptoms with internalizing problems. Consistently, adolescents with insomnia symptoms and short sleep duration were characterized by depression, rumination, mood dysregulation and social isolation, while adolescents with insomnia symptoms and normal sleep duration were characterized by rule-breaking and aggressive behaviors and, to a lesser extent, rumination. These findings indicate that objective sleep duration is useful in differentiating behavioral profiles among adolescents with insomnia symptoms. The insomnia with objective short sleep duration phenotype is associated with an increased risk of depression earlier in the lifespan than previously believed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci6040059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]],"date-time":"2016-12-13T10:15:52Z","timestamp":1481624152000},"page":"59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Insomnia Phenotypes Based on Objective Sleep Duration in Adolescents: Depression Risk and Differential Behavioral Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Julio","family":"Fernandez-Mendoza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research &amp; Treatment Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Calhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research &amp; Treatment Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Vgontzas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research &amp; Treatment Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research &amp; Treatment Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Gaines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research &amp; Treatment Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duanping","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Bixler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sleep Research &amp; Treatment Center, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2010.11.008","article-title":"Recent worldwide sleep patterns and problems during adolescence: A review and meta-analysis of age, region, and sleep","volume":"12","author":"Gradisar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2002.119990","article-title":"Symptoms of sleep disturbances among children at two general pediatric clinics","volume":"140","author":"Archbold","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. 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